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美国司法神话后面的世界(17)
作者: 方鲲鹏
经由DNA检验脱罪的冤狱时间最久者
(本节主要参考资料:
【1】“无辜者专案”的詹姆斯·贝恩(James Bain)档案,网址:
http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/James_Bain.php
【2】美联社2009年12月17日报道 “ DNA clears Florida man after 35 years behind bars”,URL:
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34467096/ns/us_news-crime_and_courts/t/dna-clears-fla-man-after-years-behind-bars )
2009年12月17日,美国佛罗里达州的一个法院宣布撤销1974年的一个判决,詹姆斯·贝恩(James Bain)被监禁35年9个多月后获释,成为审后DNA检验证明被误判的案子中,蒙受冤狱时间最长久者。
1974年3月4日深夜,有人将一个9岁男孩在睡梦中从床上拉出窗外,劫持到附近一个棒球场强暴。
受害人告诉警方,作案者似乎18岁左右,自称“吉姆”或“吉米”,留有小胡子和浓密的鬓角。根据这些描述,受害者的叔叔认为很像一个名为詹姆斯·贝恩(James Bain)的人(注:“吉姆”或“吉米”都是“詹姆斯”的昵称)。贝恩是一个高中生,而受害者的叔叔是这所高中的助理校长,所以认识贝恩。
警察将贝恩的照片混合在在4张或5张其他人的照片一起让受害男孩辨认,男孩挑出了贝恩的照片。然而,在这几张照片中,只有贝恩和另外一个人留有受害者描述过的鬓角特征,实际上警察是让男孩“二选一”。此外,贝恩的这张照片是男孩舅舅从学生档案中取出,不排除在他交给警察前,已给男孩看过贝恩的照片。案发两天后,警察逮捕了贝恩。
审判时,检方证实作案者在受害者内裤上留有精液。但当时DNA分析技术还没有应用在刑事侦探领域,只能通过精液检验出作案者的血型。经FBI实验室检验,得知作案者的血型是B,而贝恩的血液是AB型。在作证时,检方专家证人分析说,贝恩的血型是弱A强B,所以不能排除他是精液的宿主;而辩方专家证人分析说,贝恩的血型实际上是强A弱B,因此贝恩应当被排除嫌疑。
另外,贝恩的姐姐出庭作证,案发时贝恩同她在一起看电视,不可能作案。
尽管有这些不确定性,陪审团还是相信了检方,宣判贝恩绑架和强奸罪成立。法官判处贝恩终身监禁。贝恩获判时只有19岁,被逮捕前他没有任何犯罪记录。如果没有后来的DNA帮助他脱罪,贝恩会在监狱度过余生。
2001年佛罗里达州的立法机构制定法律,允许某些类型的历史案件,被告可以对当年的证据提出检验DNA的请愿。从那年起,贝恩提出了5次检验DNA的请愿,每一次都遭到法官拒绝。2009年在“无辜者专案”组织及其律师的帮助支持下,递交的第六次请愿才获法官批准。
DNA检验结果,排除了贝恩是精液的来源。贝恩的律师立刻提出动议,要求撤销1974年的判决。这个动议很快获批准,贝恩获释。进监狱时,贝恩是个中学生。出监狱时,贝恩头发斑白,已经54岁了。
当年这件案子定罪的全部依据,只是9岁受害者凭半夜看到的朦胧印象,从5、6张照片中挑出了贝恩。可以说将一个人终身送进监狱的这项证据极其薄弱。而这个司法系统对可能的错判,缺乏查核的热忱和动力,令人极为愤慨。如果法官们对贝恩第一次要求DNA检验的请愿就予以批准,他就能减少8年冤狱。实际上,若不是后来有“无辜者专案”组织作后盾,这些冷漠的官僚法官们,恐怕永远也不会批准贝恩的请愿。
美国的审判是对抗性角斗,允许双方夸大其词,以偏概全,任意扩大或缩小证据的适用范围,而陪审团不一定有能力掂量证据的强弱,但法律允许他们凭感觉作判决。很多上诉案子的判决意见书,常会引用这样意思的法律(判例法):因为陪审员可以直接看到被告和证人的表情反应,以此评估他们证词的可信度,比我们(指上诉庭法官)只能阅读审判记录,可以获得更多的信息,所以我们支持陪审团的裁决,云云。这就是在说,“法律允许陪审团凭感觉作判决”。
中文的“平反”、“冤案”、“平反冤案”这些词,在美国英语中没有确切的对应词。我们用“平反”和“冤案”这两个词时,可以包含非司法案件。比如,给某位右派摘帽,是平反政治冤案,不涉及法律问题。但美国就没有这种用法。而且美国基本上不承认有冤案,因为这个司法制度,“公平”地让双方像斗狗似的互相撕咬,最后错判了被告,也不能怨检方罗列罪名,无限上纲,只能怨你被告自己没有斗赢他们,不存在冤不冤的。所以,我在写《美国诺福克四水兵奇案》一文时,对拟定标题就犹豫了一阵。虽然这几个水兵的案情冤到家了,但政府不承认是冤案,甚至没有将他们无罪开释,而是带有假释性质的释放。考虑到官方的这种态度,我在那篇文章的标题中避免“冤案”这个词,用了“奇案”二字。
因此“平反冤案”这样的话,在美国很难用上。像这里介绍的案子,DNA检验证明被告没有涉案后,冤狱者能做的事只有向法院发动议,要求撤销当年的判决,而不是追究责任。法院撤销原判决,表达的意思是“因证据不足释放被告”,并非证明被告无罪,算不上“平反”。这种情况下,用“撤销司法误判”,比“平反冤案”,更确切些。然而,在介绍这类案件的过程中,我有时也使用“冤案”这个词,以符合中文的表达习惯,但那是笔者的看法,不一定符合官方对案件的定性。
检察官代表政府,从政府角度看,用“证据不足释放被告”的方式,就不存在冤案问题。即使如贝恩案,由于案发后受害者活着,可以证实是一个人单独作案,而现在DNA检验证明作案另有其人,因此贝恩肯定是无辜的,但关了35年多的冤狱,也只能向政府要求经济补偿。如果想要政府道歉,连门也摸不到。
陪审团的好处是不大会蓄意偏袒某一方,但陪审团往往由于水平低、非专业,对证据的把握和评估困难大,审判中容易倾向强势的一方、善于煽情的一方,可不一定是有理的一方。而法官具有专业性优势,但如果缺少有效的监督制度,以权谋私、枉法滥判,会很快泛滥成灾。
所以,设计一个好的司法体系,很费思量。中国的司法改革早已过了鼓动阶段,不需要再喊空洞的口号了。关键的事是仔细研究、做好顶层设计。要具有前瞻性,吸取本国历史教训和西方民主体制国家的现实教训,努力设计出相对最优化的司法体系。
美国司法神话后面的世界(18)
作者: 方鲲鹏
DNA的良好声誉引来了狐假虎威
(本节主要参考资料:《芝加哥论坛报》2012年7月5日报道“Weak DNA Evidence Could Undermine Justice”,网址:
http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-05/news/ct-met-dna-questions-20120705_1_forensic-dna-analysis-dna-profile-dna-scientists )
DNA刑事证据识别技术问世年代不算很长,已享有盛誉,被称为“刑事鉴定学中的唯一科学”,因为它有别于传统方法,不是依靠个人经验和主观判断。然而像名牌皮包一样,盛名之下,会冒出伪劣的膺品。
2012年7月5日的《芝加哥论坛报》报道了芝加哥地区当年早些时候的一场审判,结果为被告克利夫兰·巴雷特(Cleveland Barrett)当庭释放。
这是一起涉嫌性攻击9岁女孩案,检方的主要证据是女孩身上发现的DNA同巴雷特的DNA“匹配”。一般DNA作为呈堂证据时,要提供匹配可靠性的数据,通常是十几亿人中才能发现一个匹配者。但这个案子的检方只是言之凿凿地宣称被告DNA与案发现场的DNA匹配,却不说匹配的概率有多大。
幸亏辩方律师这方面内行而且负责,在他的交叉盘问下,检方的专家证人最终承认,这份所谓的DNA样本,可以在每4个非洲裔男性、每8个拉美裔男性、每9个白人男性中找到一个匹配者。换言之,检方的所谓“DNA”证据,可以在芝加哥地区“匹配”几十万人。
辩诉双方在审判中提交的证据,事先要获得法官的批准。巴雷特的案子连法官都被DNA的名字蒙住了,没有把住关。可以想象,对于DNA知识完全外行的陪审员,检方就更容易蒙混过关了。如果这份“DNA证据”,没有被辩方律师揭露真相,后果不堪设想。
据媒体爆料,女孩的母亲十分可疑,很可能是她导演了这个事件,为的是陷害报复巴雷特。女孩的证词明显受过事先调教,而身体检查没发现任何遭强奸的迹象。
巴雷特在拘留所蹲了一年多冤狱,不过他还是算幸运的,获无罪释放。可是类似的冒牌“DNA证据”,在其他案子会有什么结果呢?无从知道。

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