Esim - 轶闻录第十四期之治水记二
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二, 新的权力,国家!

尧舜时代,是氏族公社社会的晚期。恩格斯在《家庭私有制和国家的
起源》写过这样一段话来描写古希腊的这个时代,“在英雄时代的希
腊社会制度中,古代的氏族组织还是很有活力的,不过我们也已经看
到,它的瓦解已经开始:由子女继承财产的父权制,促进了财产积累
于家庭中,并且使家庭变成一种与氏族对立的力量;财产的差别,通
过世袭贵族和王权的最初萌芽的形成,对社会制度发生反作用;奴隶
制起初虽然仅限于俘虏,但已经开辟了奴役同部落人甚至同氏族人的
前景;古代部落对部落的战争,已经逐渐蜕变为在陆上和海上为攫夺
牲畜、奴隶和财宝而不断进行的抢劫,变为一种正常的营生,一句话,
财富被当作最高的价值而受到赞美和崇敬,古代氏族制度被滥用来替
暴力掠夺财富的行为辩护。所缺少的只是一件东西,即这样一个机关,
它不仅保障单个人新获得的财富不受氏族制度的共产制传统的侵犯,
不仅使以前被轻视的私有财产神圣化,并宣布这种神圣化是整个人类
社会的最高目的,而且还给相继发展起来的获得财产从而不断加速财
富积累的新的形式,盖上社会普遍承认的印章;所缺少的只是这样一
个机关,它不仅使正在开始的社会分裂为阶级的现象永久化,而且使
有产者阶级剥削无产者阶级的权利以及前者对后者的统治永久化。
而这样的机关也就出现了。国家被发明出来了。”

社会确实在进步,财富确实在积累,而在中国,国家,这一全新的机
关,却不是轻易地能被一句话就带出来的。

尧曰:“谁可顺此事?”
放齐曰:“嗣子丹硃开明。”
尧曰:“吁!顽凶,不用。”
尧又曰:“谁可者?”
讙兜曰:“共工旁聚布功,可用。”
尧曰:“共工善言,其用僻,似恭漫天,不可。”
尧又曰:“嗟,四岳,汤汤洪水滔天,浩浩怀山襄陵,下民其忧,有
能使治者?”
皆曰鲧可。
尧曰:“鲧负命毁族,不可。”
岳曰:“异哉,试不可用而已。”
尧於是听岳用鲧。九岁,功用不成。——《史记•五帝本纪》

到帝尧一代,神巫一派仍是部落的最高统治者,从对尧的称谓即可看出,
帝就是神,在人名前加一帝字,表明此人具有半神的特质。“其仁如天,
其知如神。就之如日,望之如云。富而不骄,贵而不舒。” 而他所依
仗来统治四方的是羲,和,乃是世袭的神巫氏族(详见史记五帝本纪)。

上面的引文是说当帝尧年衰时,欲交接统治权,问左右谁人可以接班。
第一顺位是尧的儿子丹朱,第二人选是共工氏,第三人选是鲧,后来
的帝舜居然没有进入三甲!何故?今将这三位候选人聊做一番发微探
寻,道出其中原委。


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轶闻录第十三期之治水记一 (11 years ago)

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轶闻录第十五期之治水记三 (11 years ago)

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