Esim - 轶闻录第十七期之治水记五
Login:
Password:

Forgot password Register

Article


7
   
Report




到了尧舜时代,亘古未有的滔天洪水降临了人间,严重地威胁到了炎黄部落
的生存,可能连宗教圣地玄宫也受到了威胁。帝尧在询问接班人时又问谁可
治水,意思就是谁治水成功,就可荐之于天,成为下一任帝。看来严酷的现
实让神巫统治阶层也意识到已退无可退,必须发动民力,与“天”抗上一抗
了。可具体怎么去“治”呢?用共工氏的方法是肯定不行的,撇开历代的恩
怨不说,并不是处处都有高山之土可供筑堤的,而且沿着黄河两岸筑堤,且
不问能不能成功,即若是能成,那又要到何年何月?这时,四岳推举了另一
人选,说鲧可以治水。帝尧用了“负命毁族”四字就予以否定了。但除此之
外已无它法,四岳坚持鲧可用,又说即使到时不行,再退也来得及。从这里
我们可以看出,鲧这一支的势力尚不强大,处于神巫们可以控制的范围内,
而其所长在于治水。今有共工与鲧同一说,道出了几处相同,认为是一人。
但我想指出二者非常重要的一点不同,正是这一点不同使得鲧能区别于共工。
那就是治水的方式。今人多指共工与鲧治水都是用“堵”,但我想说此“堵”
非彼“堵”也。在前面的分析中,我们看到共工氏是依地形以筑堤而形成了
“不周之山”;而鲧的方式则不然。这一族修的是“四周之山”,也就是“城”。
(”吕氏春秋•君守:“夏鲧作城。” 礼记•祭法:“鲧作城郭。” )

粗看起来二者并没有什么太大的不同,这也是之所以后世容易混淆之所
在。但筑城与筑堤比起来,不失为一个更节省有效并且可以为联盟各部落所
应用的方法。因此四岳推举了鲧。但为什么帝尧要说鲧“负命毁族”呢?原
因就在“城”上。盖当时多数部落都是粗放式的农牧方式,因为幅员广大,
田地与牧地可以沿着河水无限地延伸。但鲧这一支却不然。由于其所在地水
患频频,必须发动民力来治水,方法就是筑城。而四方之城一旦筑好,在城
之内的田野,家畜,屋舍自然可与洪水隔开,而且还能防卫其它部落或是野
兽的袭击,但田地也就无法再增加了。但人口是在缓慢增长的,可以想见,
几代繁衍之后,人均占有的田地必然减少,一夫一田的制度无法保证了。变
通的办法只能是让“田”的亩产量增加。依照当时的农业水平,除非偶然得
到一种高产作物,多夫一田这种较精细的耕作方法是唯一可能的选择。多夫
一田在形式上与公社制差别不大,神巫的统治尚能应付。但有一个缺点是致
命的,那就是新的氏族很难从这个部落里演化出来了。当然,如果洪水退去,
可以分出人来在别处另筑一城,但比起其它粗放型的部落,显然要慢许多。
这也许就是鲧这一支势力不太大的原因之一。城所具有的封闭特性给这个氏
族带来的个性上的固执也是可以想见的,所以这可能是帝尧“负命”之所指。
另外,更关键的一点,由于治水的复杂性,系统性和长期性以及重要性,在
鲧这一族内也可能像共工氏一样发生出一个较其它工种更为稳定存在且数量
较大的“治水之工”。其生活资料的来源应该是由部落首领从部落生产剩余中
分配给他们的。而这个制度在鲧族内行之日久后成为惯例后,部分需要特殊
训练的治水之工可能就失去了原来的土地,其子孙就专门靠治水为生了,而
且数目应是比较可观的。而没有了土地,神巫统治的氏族活动中最重要的一
环,“祭祀”,估计就要大打折扣了。帝尧说的“毁族”可能就包含这个意思。
因此与共工氏一样,鲧族内部一定也发生了相当程度的分化,从而使本族的
社会形态(注意共工与鲧发音上的雷同)迥异于他族。而且由于共工氏和鲧
族的土地并不是直接从自然界得到的,而是投入了一定的劳动(堕高堙庳,
筑堤或是筑城),因此这些劳动后形成的土地似乎也就有了可以为某一氏族
所有的属性,而不再仅仅是天赐予的了(所以这两个氏族才会有类似的关于
其儿子有“九有”,“九土”之说,这个后面我们还会再讲)。所有的这一切
变化,都危及着神巫的统治权威及其赖以统治的传统社会。

要之,帝尧已经洞察到了鲧治水之弊。但形势逼人,也只得同意了四岳
的推举。鲧治水到底有没有成功呢?史记•五帝本纪“九岁,功用不成。” 山
海经•海内经“帝令祝融杀鲧于羽郊”,也就是没有成功。但屈原在天问一篇
中问道“顺欲成功,帝何刑焉”,我们又可知,以屈原所知道的史实来说,
鲧的治水却又是快要成功了。那到底鲧做了什么错事,以至于要被流放呢?
让我试着做一番推断,来一解屈原先生的疑问吧。

从上述的引文中我们又看到了祝融这一熟悉的大巫。如果上述对共工氏
与鲧的分析没有错的话,当鲧将自己部族治水的方法推广到整个联盟(包括
玄宫的所在地)的时候,虽然治水有了成效,但其所产生的社会分化(或可
以新的生产关系名之)却大大地威胁到了神巫们的统治。神巫们看到鲧因为
这场洪水所带来的城墙及其一切似乎就要成为永制,而自身的地位也将随着
传统社会一点一点的消失而一去不返。于是联合了起来,在洪水险情稍有缓
解之时,放逐了鲧。

鲧的这次治水只能说是成功了一半。籍着城墙,炎黄部落保住了文明
的精华和足够的实力。但鲧并没有意识到自己的治水方式是如此深刻地影响
了这个古老的社会,在意识形态和组织制度上没有提供相应的准备。而且洪
水迟迟不退,城高已成三仞,再往上筑,难度也可想而知。因此鲧的失败,
也不全是因为神巫阶层的反 动,也是这种治水模式遭遇特大洪水时难以为
继的必然宿命。

结束了上面三位人选的分析,我们可以看到,不同于以往神权统治的新
的社会形态正在当时的炎黄部落中生发。这些发展代表了新的力量,但也都
有着致命的弊端。尧,作为部落联盟的帝,没有辜负天下的期许,他既没有
苟徇丹朱的亲情私利,也没有迫于共工氏的淫威,在通盘权衡了利弊之后,
仍然是以天下的利益,也就是公平,作为决策的出发点的。公平这个观念
虽然古书上没有明指,但我认为却是氏族公社时期为帝者所总结出来的最
为核心的政治理念,也是神巫阶层最为合理的部分。虽然在有尧一代,神
巫体系应付已然蔚然成风的私有制时捉襟见肘,弊端丛生。但帝尧并没有
冒冒然采取某种一边倒的改革。但时不我与,帝尧终其一生也没有找到更
好的解决办法。帝尧做的最后一个英明的决定是选定了一个优秀的接班人
——舜。接下来我们将看到,在舜和禹的协作下,中华大地上发生了一场彻天
换地的惊世巨变。而国家,这一崭新的机关,终于以中国独有的方式,“夏”,
如期而至。

Previous article:
轶闻录第十六期之治水记四 (11 years ago)

Next article:
轶闻录第十八期之治水记六 (11 years ago)

ESim
or
Register for free:
Only letters, numbers, underscore and space are allowed (A-Z,a-z,0-9,_,' ')
Show more

By clicking 'Sign Up!', you agree to the Rules and that you have read the Privacy Policy.

About the game:


USA as a world power? In E-Sim it is possible!

In E-Sim we have a huge, living world, which is a mirror copy of the Earth. Well, maybe not completely mirrored, because the balance of power in this virtual world looks a bit different than in real life. In E-Sim, USA does not have to be a world superpower, It can be efficiently managed as a much smaller country that has entrepreneurial citizens that support it's foundation. Everything depends on the players themselves and how they decide to shape the political map of the game.

Work for the good of your country and see it rise to an empire.

Activities in this game are divided into several modules. First is the economy as a citizen in a country of your choice you must work to earn money, which you will get to spend for example, on food or purchase of weapons which are critical for your progress as a fighter. You will work in either private companies which are owned by players or government companies which are owned by the state. After progressing in the game you will finally get the opportunity to set up your own business and hire other players. If it prospers, we can even change it into a joint-stock company and enter the stock market and get even more money in this way.


In E-Sim, international wars are nothing out of the ordinary.

"E-Sim is one of the most unique browser games out there"

Become an influential politician.

The second module is a politics. Just like in real life politics in E-Sim are an extremely powerful tool that can be used for your own purposes. From time to time there are elections in the game in which you will not only vote, but also have the ability to run for the head of the party you're in. You can also apply for congress, where once elected you will be given the right to vote on laws proposed by your fellow congress members or your president and propose laws yourself. Voting on laws is important for your country as it can shape the lives of those around you. You can also try to become the head of a given party, and even take part in presidential elections and decide on the shape of the foreign policy of a given state (for example, who to declare war on). Career in politics is obviously not easy and in order to succeed in it, you have to have a good plan and compete for the votes of voters.


You can go bankrupt or become a rich man while playing the stock market.

The international war.

The last and probably the most important module is military. In E-Sim, countries are constantly fighting each other for control over territories which in return grant them access to more valuable raw materials. For this purpose, they form alliances, they fight international wars, but they also have to deal with, for example, uprisings in conquered countries or civil wars, which may explode on their territory. You can also take part in these clashes, although you are also given the opportunity to lead a life as a pacifist who focuses on other activities in the game (for example, running a successful newspaper or selling products).


At the auction you can sell or buy your dream inventory.

E-Sim is a unique browser game. It's creators ensured realistic representation of the mechanisms present in the real world and gave all power to the players who shape the image of the virtual Earth according to their own. So come and join them and help your country achieve its full potential.


Invest, produce and sell - be an entrepreneur in E-Sim.


Take part in numerous events for the E-Sim community.


| Terms of Service | Privacy policy | Support | Alpha | Luxia | Primera | Secura | Suna | Sora | Magna | Pangea | e-Sim: Countryballs Country Game
PLAY ON