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封禅的余韵—唐时轶事之十
  开元十三年,唐玄宗举行了封禅大典。封是指在泰山上祭天,禅是指在泰山西南的社首山祭地。对于一个帝王来说,封禅是在向苍天后土汇报在朕的领导下国家富强天下太平,当然了,苍天能不能听到也只有天知道,封禅的主要还是做给世人看的。
  封泰山要在山上达一个台子,搭台子的工作由将作监负责,将作大匠领着手下的能工巧匠早早的就上了泰山,那时候的泰山运输靠扛,通讯靠喊,搭台子不是个小工程。首先要建一个圆形的台子,直径为五丈(约合15米),高九尺(约合2.7米)。圆台上按照东方青色、南方赤色、西方白色、北方黑色、中央黄色的方位色彩铺上五色土。在圆台之上再搭建一个方形的台子,也是九尺高,一丈二见方。如果能从高空俯瞰,这个祭天的台子就象一枚铜钱,外圆内方,体现的是天圆地方的观念。
  唐玄宗从东都洛阳出发,沿途各地的地方官员要负责后勤保障工作,当时叫“供顿”。现在的济南市在唐朝时称为历城, 历城是个有名的城市“海内此亭古,济南名士多”,它属于齐州管辖,是唐玄宗一行的必经之路。历城县县令杜丰不敢怠慢,积极努力的做着准备工作。忙了一阵子之后,杜丰心里还是不踏实,总觉得有什么事情遗漏了,他把下属召集起来开了个会,会上杜丰作出一个大胆的决定:准备三十具棺材,存放在圣上落脚的行宫内以备不时之需。县府的官员们听到这个决定后吓的不轻,大家一致认为这样做是极不妥当的,圣上封禅是一件具有继往开来意义的大喜事,咱们准备棺材岂不是诅咒倒霉吗。杜丰却另有主张,他说圣上的车驾队伍庞大,听说连绵数百里不绝,那是何等的威武壮观。后妃六宫,四夷酋长,文武百官等都要同行,这么多人长途跋涉,鞍马劳顿,谁能保证不出什么意外。万一遇上有人突发急症经抢救无效,咱们到哪里去找现成的棺木。供顿工作无小事,每个细节都要考虑到。
  这三十具棺材很快就打造好了,全部上了大漆,铮明发亮,整整齐齐的摆放在行宫的一个角落里,为了避免日晒雨淋,还用幕布遮盖起来。杜丰长舒一口气,一切都准备妥当了,只等着圣上驾到。
  圣上大驾的先遣组由负责后勤保障工作的置顿使率领,他们要检查行宫的准备工作。置顿使工作做得很细,不满足于坐在办公室里听取汇报,坚持要到现场一处一处的查看。当他走到行宫的一个角落时,看见幕布罩着一些东西,也许是出于责任心,也许纯粹是出于好奇,反正置顿使揭开了幕布。猝然之间闯入置顿使眼眶的是三十具漆光闪亮的棺材,这种情节有些恐怖,毫无心理准备的置顿使吓的连连后退。
  换过劲来之后,置顿使发火了。他十分严厉的对随同检查的齐州刺史说,把棺材摆在圣上的行宫里是最大的不详之兆,一定要查清楚这些棺材是谁造的!一定要查清楚为什么要把棺材放在行宫里!一定要查清楚这样做的目的是什么!
  刺史立即派人去找杜丰前来问话,杜丰闻听此事急忙躺到家中的床底下,说不出来就不出来。来传唤杜丰的官员想把他吓出来,就说听说圣上已经知道了这件事,恐怕要赐杜丰自己了断。这一下子杜家可是乱了套了,妻子儿女抱头痛哭。
  话又说回来了,尽管在行宫里摆上棺材听起来很不吉利,但你说他犯下了那条刑律?没有。你说他违反了那条官员守则?也没有。顶多是不合时宜罢了。实际上,上至皇帝提前给自己号下陵墓,下至普通人家的长者提前给自己预备好寿材,都是常有的事。再加上杜丰的妻兄在朝廷担任御史,上上下下做了一番工作,杜丰得以解脱。
  唐玄宗来到泰山脚下,准备登山。唐人郑棨在他的《开天传信记》一书中说,唐玄宗上山下山都是骑的骡子。为了圣上封禅,益州特意进献了一头骡子,这头骡子通体白色,没有一根杂毛(估计就是有少量的杂毛也被官员们事先拔掉了),上山时走的稳稳当当,唐玄宗骑在上面感觉不到登高下低时的颠簸。顺利完祭天大典之后,唐玄宗还是骑着这头骡子下山,到了山下要歇一会儿,刚坐下不久,一位官员匆匆跑来报告说,那头白骡子无声无息的倒下就再也没能站起来。说不清是累的还是因为心理压力太大,反正这头骡子无疾而终了。唐玄宗追封这头骡子为白骡将军,让人做了一口简易的棺材,搬来些石头垒了一座坟墓安葬了这头骡子。司马光在编纂《资治通鉴》时认为白骡的说法接近于文人的玄怪小说,主流史书不应该采纳这一类故事,因而舍弃了。
  据说安史之乱时唐玄宗前往蜀地时也骑的是骡子。元稹写过一首题为《望云骓马歌》的诗,诗中说唐德宗翻越秦岭前往兴元的路上,有七匹御马累死在路途,最后剩下一匹叫望云骓的马驮着唐德宗到达兴元。然后元稹写道:“路旁垂白天宝民,望骓礼拜见骓哭。皆言玄宗当时无此马,不免骑骡来幸蜀。”
  封禅结束之后,唐玄宗设宴招待各级官员和来宾。玄宗也是个聪明强记的人,他在宴会上看见一个叫郑镒的官员身穿着绯色的官服时,就觉得这里面有问题。封禅之前郑镒不过是九品官员,几天没见就一跃成为五品,虽说按照规矩皇帝封禅后会采用齐步走的方式给各级官员提级别长工资,以示普天同庆,但也仅限于提升一级,郑镒的提升显然是超常了。
  唐朝的著名笑星、俳优艺人黄幡绰解答了玄宗的疑问,他说郑镒之所以能够从九品一跃成为五品是“泰山”的功劳。“泰山”这个词明里是指封禅,实际上另有所指。提拔郑镒的是宰相张说,张说不仅是主持封禅工作的封禅使,还是郑镒的老丈人。可以说把某人的老丈人称作“泰山”是黄幡绰的专利,泰山是五岳之一,由此又有了“岳丈”这一称谓。
  作为整个封禅活动的一部分,唐玄宗还要到曲阜去祭孔子,曲阜所在地兖州也忙了起来。巧的是杜丰的儿子杜锺在兖州担任参军,唐代的州府设有司功、司仓、司户、司兵、司法、司土六个参军,如果把州比作一个省的话,这些参军就相当于省属的厅级官员。杜锺接到的任务是负责准备圣上一行队伍中所有马匹的马料,要确保这些御马吃的好,吃的饱,不掉膘。马料分为草料和粟豆一类精料,粗细搭配。草料的问题好解决,让人割了堆在那儿就行了。粟豆之类的精饲料就有些麻烦,圣驾一行中御马为数众多,事到临头在煮粟豆恐怕就来不及了。于是,杜锺要求手下提前动手准备,支起大锅煮了二千多石粟豆。煮好的粟豆趁热倒进地窖中保存,为了保险起见还用泥土将地窖口封住。等到玄宗一行来到兖州后,要喂马了,打开地窖口,一股刺鼻的气味扑面而来,里面的粟豆全都捂臭了。
  杜锺这回吓的不轻,他想到了自杀。考虑到喝砒霜味道太苦,杜锺想到一个偏方,据说羊肉和半夏一起煮了吃下后会中毒而死。在享受美味儿佳肴后离开人世应该说是一个不错的选择,杜锺就打发人买来半升多的半夏,照方子办理。或许是加工方面的问题,或许是配比不合理,或许是这个方子根本就不灵,杜锺吃了羊肉炖半夏以后不但没有死成,反而比以前更胖了。
  《纪闻》的作者牛肃在记载下杜丰父子的事后写到:“时人云,非此父不生此子。”

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