Esim - 空降密支那:中国在滇缅战争中最成功的冒险2014-1-17
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国驻印度军队乘坐滑翔机突然降临,一举拿下了防守空虚的密支那机场。此举是中国军队在二战中最大、也是最成功的一次冒险举动......   
 

   全部配备美式武器装备的国军伞兵总队
 
        缅北反攻战 

        1942年7月,史迪威提出了收复缅甸的计划。英国海军和两栖作战部队控制孟加拉湾,并在仰光登陆;英印军、中国驻印军从印度向瑞保、曼德勒方向进攻;中国军队同时从云南向腊戍、曼德勒方向进攻;美军为战役提供空中掩护,如有可能,派地面部队与英军并肩作战。  ­
       1943年召开的开罗会议上,英国首相丘吉尔却坚决反对史迪威的计划。丘吉尔认为即使中国退出战争,也不会对大局有多大影响。要打开滇缅交通,必须收复全缅甸,而在1943年春季以前英国不可能调集登陆战所需的舰只。­
 

 
       1943年10月,英国在美国的压力下,终于答应在缅甸对日军发动反击战。  ­
       1943年10月下旬,缅北反攻战打响。 ­
       1943年12月18日,在印度经过训练的中国新22师、新30师、新38师攻下日军重要据点于邦。 ­
       1944年2月,美军远程突击部队3000人历时三周,翻山越岭,与中国军队一起,对缅甸北部重镇密支那形成围攻之势。­
       密支那是缅甸北部最大的城市。城里有很多日军坚固的城防工事。在密支那地区驻防的是日军精锐的第18师团,参与了南京大屠杀,又与日本第5师团一起横扫新加坡,俘虏85000名英军,开创二战期间盟军一次被俘人数最高记录。所以,第18师团号称"常胜师团",是日本军队的骄傲。­
       1944年4月,中美联军组成的突击部队在森林中潜伏行军几百公里,穿越了众多人迹罕至的山峰和河谷,一个月后,他们秘密抵达密支那机场附近的密林中,并突然发起进攻。中国驻印军乘坐滑翔机突然降临,一举拿下了防守空虚的密支那机场。此举是史迪威人生中最大、也是最成功的一次冒险举动,当时全世界为之轰动。­
       大量的运输机运载着部队和重武器源源不断地在密支那机场降落。但是,空降密支那的部队过于谨慎,他们把大量兵力用于侧翼防守,而只有一个团进攻两公里之外的密支那城。由于兵力太少,久攻不下,加之日军增援部队赶到,原先的突袭变成了强攻。盟军几度攻入城区又几度被日军逐出。双方在密支那火车站一带反复争夺,伤亡都很惨重。 ­
       1944年6月,缅北的降雨越来越频繁,飞机不能正常飞行,而在密支那的盟军部队又全靠空中补给和掩护,所以形势非常危急。此时,中国驻印军的坦克营长驱直入,一路打垮企图拦截的日军部队,向密支那推进。 ­
       1944年8月初,盟军多路部队攻击密支那日军18师团防御正面,坦克营则从日军防线的侧面对日军发起了突然攻击。不久,中国军队攻克密支那,它是沉寂已久的亚洲地面战场传出的最鼓舞人心的消息。­
 

 
       松山大捷 

       1944年3月上旬,驻缅日军对英帕尔地区发起进攻。日军企图围魏救赵,以攻印度来保缅甸。史迪威和蒙巴顿都认为,只有中国驻云南的部队入缅作战,才不致使印缅形势发生逆转。­
       1944年5月,卫立煌率中国的11、20两个集团军,共20万人组成新的远征军,沿滇缅公路向缅甸进发,展开了大规模进攻。­
       日军第56师团驻守怒江。日军在怒江以西的腾冲、龙陵和松山三个地方驻扎重兵,其中松山又是重中之重,它正好在滇缅公路的咽喉惠通桥的附近。­
       1944年6月1日,美军大炮一阵猛轰之后,中国军队开始进攻松山要塞。­
       1944年8月,中国军队挖地道一直挖到松山主峰日军阵地下面,用成吨的烈性炸药把松山主峰炸掉。主峰爆破成功后,日军在这一据点的守备官兵几乎全部被炸死。

 
 配备主负伞包的国军伞兵总队指挥官 
 
       1944年9月7日,松山其他据点的日军被全部肃清。­
       松山大捷打破了滇西战役的僵局。大批的增援部队和后勤辎重源源不断地通过惠通桥经滇缅公路开往龙陵前线。

 
 国军伞兵部队正在进行跳伞训练
 
        收复缅甸
  ­
       1944年9月14日,腾冲光复后,第20集团军向龙陵发起猛攻,日军抵挡不住从龙陵退走。­
       1944年底,夺取缅北重镇密支那的中国驻印军和取得龙陵会战的中国远征军分头向畹町推进。­
       1945年1月28日,两支中国劲旅在缅甸的芒友会师,整个缅北、滇西反攻取得全面。驻印军和远征军伤亡6万7千余人,击毙日军4万8千余人,摧毁了日军在缅甸的精锐主力部队,解除了日军对英帕尔英军的威胁。这次,不仅使滇缅公路重新通车,而且也为盟军在缅甸的大反攻、收复仰光扫除了障碍。 ­
       1945年4月30日,由2艘战舰、2艘护卫航空母舰、4艘巡洋舰和6艘驱逐舰组成的英国海军部队,开始对仰光城内和周围目标发动攻击。­
       1945年5月1日早上,一支尼泊尔廓尔喀雇佣伞兵部队降落在可以水路直通仰光的象角岛上。 ­
       1945年5月2日,两栖登陆行动开始。同时,一家飞机盘旋在仰光城的上空,看到在仰光监狱的顶上有几个大字"日军已走"。 ­
       1945年5月3日,盟军进驻缅甸首都仰光。­
       1945年7月,困在锡唐河以西的日本在缅甸唯一一支部队--第28军不断突围,最终只有6千多日军突围而出。至此,缅甸战役结束。
 

 
       军事冒险
   ­
       所谓冒险就是没有100%把握的事。先胜而后求战不是军事冒险,先战而后求胜就是军事冒险。希特勒营救墨索里尼的"橡树计划"是一个大胆而且成功的冒险行动,是特种作战的一个范例。"市场花园"行动是一次具有赌博性质的冒险行动,是盟军空降的惨败,使盟军在1944年结束战争的希望破灭了。中国驻印军乘坐滑翔机一举拿下了防守空虚的密支那机场是一次成功的冒险行动。在战争中军事冒险是必要的,因为每次都要先胜而后求战是不切实际的。诸葛亮六出岐山均处于稳妥的考虑,取道岐山固然稳妥但达不到出其不意的效果。  ­
       军事冒险如果能够出其不意那么成功的可能性就高,如果被敌人识破那么就很可能失败。"市场花园"行动前盟军的参谋和情报人员发现,在荷兰埃因霍温与阿纳姆之间,也就是"市场花园"行动主要的空降地区,德军的力量突然增强。说明德军很可能知道了盟军的"市场花园"行动,但这份情报未能引起蒙哥马利的警觉。"市场花园"行动没有达到出其不意的效果是其失败的一个关键因素。  ­
       以正合以奇胜,军事冒险就是力求出奇制胜,出其不意,攻其不备是关键。­

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