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1.) Alexander The Great (Megas Aleksandros)
Alexander the Great was born on 20.07.356 BC. When he died he was 32 years old (323 BC). In him short life he created a great empire. He reigned as king from 336-323 BC.
Important Achievements
entered Asian minor 334 BC w/ 37000 soldier

freed Ionian Greek cities of western Asia

defeated large Persian army in Issus

Conquered Syria, Palestine, Egypt

named cites like capital of Eygpt(Alexandria) after him

fought Persia at Gaugamela, won, got control of entire Persian empire

moves to east & northwest into India-return



2.) Khalid bin Waleed (Sayfullah)
Khalid ibn al-Walid (Khalid son of al-Walid, lit. Khalid son of the Newborn) was from the Meccan tribe of Quraysh, from a clan that initially opposed Muhammad. He played a vital role in the Meccan victory at the Battle of Uhud. He converted to Islam, and joined Muhammad after the Treaty of Hudaybiyyahand participated in various expeditions for him, such as the Battle of Mu'tah. After Muhammad's death, he played a key role in commanding Medinan forces for Abu Bakr in the Ridda wars, conquering central Arabia and subduing Arab tribes. He captured the Sassanid Arab client Kingdom of Al-Hirah, and defeated the Sassanid Persian forces during his conquest of Iraq (Mesopotamia). He was later transferred to the western front to capture Roman Syria and the Byzantine Arab client state of the Ghassanids. Even though Umar later relieved him of high command, he nevertheless remained the effective leader of the forces arrayed against the Byzantines during the early stages of theByzantine–Arab Wars. Under his command, Damascus was captured in 634 and the key Arab victory against the Byzantine forces was achieved at the Battle of Yarmouk (636), which led to the conquest of the Bilad al-Sham(Levant). In 638, at the zenith of his career, he was dismissed from military services.
Important
Conquest of Arabia
Uhud – Mu'tah – Mecca – Hunayn – Ta'if
Ridda Wars
Yamama – Zafar – Daumat-ul-Jandal – Buzakha –
Ghamra – Naqra
Conquest of the Persian Empire
Chains – River – Walaja – Ullais – Hira – Al-Anbar – Ein-ul-tamr –Daumat-ul-Jandal – Muzayyah – Saniyy – Zumail – Firaz
Conquest of Roman Syria
Firaz – Qarteen – Bosra – Ajnadayn – Marj-al-Rahit – Fahl –Damascus - Maraj-al-Debaj - Emesa - Yarmouk - Jerusalem – Hazir -Aleppo
Campaigns in Anatolia
Iron Bridge - Kahramanmaraş




3.) Mehmed The Conqueror (Mehmed II)


Mehmet II was born on 29th March 1432, in Adrianople (Edirne). He was the son of Sultan Murad II. His mother was Huma Hatun. He was a tall, strong and muscular man.

Mehmet II was a statesman and a military leader. He was also interested in literature, fine arts and monumental architecture. He was educated by famous scholar Aksemseddin. Mehmet was speaking seven languages fluently. Another worthy tribute to the Ottoman ruler is the famous portrait of him by Gentile Bellini. He also interested in philosophy and science. He invited Ali Kuscu the famous astronomer to the observatory in Istanbul.

Mehmet II was ascended the throne in his 20th year.He took the name “conqueror” (fatih) after the conquest of Istanbul on 29th May 1453.

The conquest of Istanbul spelled the end of the Byzantine Empire and entered a phase of urban revival under the wise and tolerant administrations of Mehmet and his immediate successors. The capture of Constantinople (İstanbul) was followed by a long succession of campaigns which resulted in a tremendous extension of direct Ottoman rule. Among those areas that fell to Mehmet II were Serbia, Greece, the Empire of Trezibizond, Wallachia, Bosnia, Karaman, Albania and several Venetian and Geneose maritime establishments.

He ruled the Ottoman Empire for 30 years and joined 25 campaigns himself. He was a very strict statesman and a very brave soldier. He took place in front of his army in the wars and he encouraged his soldiers.

The emperor had died on 3rd May 1481. He was buried in “Fatih Turbesi” (tomb), near the Mosque of Fatih in Istanbul. (School Work )

Important

The new era began with the conquest of Constantinople of Sultan Mehmed II but this was not his only success, he was a talented military leader in his campaigns too... While Mehmed II’s conquest of Constantinople served all the above purposes, it was also a political and strategic necessity.

Sultan Mehmed II’s first campaigns after Constantinople were in the direction of Serbia who was an Ottoman vassal since the Battle of Kosovo. After his sieges the land returned to the sultan’s subjugation. In the area of the Black Sea, Mehmed was also successful. He had forced tribute from the various Genoese colonies, later occuping them outright. Crimea became a vassal state of the Empire by making the entire sea virtually an Ottoman lake.

At his era, Ottoman’s most powerful enemies were Hungary in land and Venice at sea. Both enemies of Ottomans didn’t want to fight with the empire in single combat. Mehmed the Conqueror marched towards Morea and captured the cities of Greece one after another. However, he was threatened from the rear by the principality of Karaman and therefore turned to Anatolia to vanquish them and to annex their territory. He then conquered the area close to western Black Sea and appointed as governor Kızıl Ahmet who was the founder of the principality Isfen-diyar.

Afterwards, Sultan Mehmed II fought with Uzun Hasan, the ruler of the Akkoyunlus and overcame him. In 1472, Hasan’s forces raided the city of Tokat and marched well into western Anatolia. Among those areas that fell to Mehmet II were Serbia, Greece, the Empire of Trezibizond, Wallachia, Bosnia, Karaman, Albania and several Venetian and Geneose maritime establishments.

Mehmed spent his years preparing to meet more renewed challenges. He built a lively capital of a growing Ottoman Empire that would be a ruler and major world power over the next centuries. He was just beginning new campaigns to capture Rhodes Island and southern Italy when he died suddenly in 1481


Special Thanks to Salahaddin

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