Esim - 东京与周边形成环状多级都市群
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  东京是日本的政治、经济、文化、教育中心和交通枢纽,围绕东京形成的“东京都市圈”生活着约3500万人,占日本人口的三分之一,GDP相当于整个韩国。尽管人口高度密集,产业集中,但东京仍保持着良好的城市秩序,交通顺畅,空气清新,其治理经验值得其他城市参考。
  形成环状多极布局
  东京的老城区又称中心3区,即千代田区、港区和中央区。上世纪以来,中心区各级政府机关、大公司总部林立,商业设施扎堆,人口高度聚集,导致这一地区出现地价高涨、交通拥堵、噪声和汽车尾气污染等各种问题。
  为解决上述矛盾,东京从上世纪50年代起加强了对中心周边区域的开发,建设了新宿、池袋、涩谷等7个副都心。各副都心通过强化商务、娱乐、居住等功能,对缓解中心区的压力起到了一定积极作用。
  1976年,日本政府在第三次都市圈整备计划中提出,要改变东京单中心的结构,在以中心区为圆心、半径50公里左右的环状地带建设卫星城。其中比较有代表性的如筑波,承接了多所国家级研究机构和大学的搬迁,被定位为“国际性脑力城市”;多摩,以宜居城区为目标,吸引了不少在中心区工作的居民来此置业;千叶,侧重于发展国际空港和海港功能。另外还有立川、横滨、川越等新老城市,共同构成了围绕东京的环状都市群。
  通过建设1个中心区、7个副都心、多座卫星城,东京与周边城市形成了环状多极的布局,共同组成了世界上规模最大的都市圈之一“东京都市圈”,东京的城市功能得到有效疏解。
  轨道交通量质并重
  相信不少到过东京的人都会对这里蛛网一样密集的轨道交通留下深刻印象。据日本运输政策研究机构地域交通年报(2011年3月31日)显示,东京地铁总里程达287公里、私铁420公里,JR线374公里,各类站点总计776座,人们在绝大多数城区的任意一点,徒步10分钟内都能找到一座车站。
  发达的轨道交通并不局限于东京一地,在“东京圈”范围内,从各主要卫星城乘坐轨道交通到东京市中心的时间一般都不超过1个小时。四通八达的轨道网络如同人体血管,将日本心脏地区的血液输送至周边各地,这也是吸引人们到周边卫星城居住的一个重要原因。
  曾主管城市规划的前东京都副知事、明治大学教授青山佾对记者说,仅以地铁作比较,东京地铁的总里程数与纽约、伦敦等其他大都市相比并不占优势,但运力很强。有数字统计,东京地铁年运送客流量31亿人次,纽约地铁年运送客流只有15亿人次,伦敦仅7亿人次。
  青山指出,东京地铁的列车基本上都是10车编组(1列车10节车厢),而纽约和伦敦普遍是6车编组,这是运力差异的一个重要原因。
  由于地铁列车的编组数量与站台长度、轨旁信号设备等均有着密切关系,一旦地铁线路建成,就很难再对列车编组数量进行更改。所以,要提高地铁运力,必须在新修线路前就确定好列车编组的数量。
  青山还提到,地铁站与周边商业设施连接是否便利,也是一个不容忽视的细节,如果人们走到地铁站花费的时间过长或者需要多次穿越马路、天桥等障碍,会影响他们选择地铁出行的积极性。为此,东京地铁站普遍修建有直通周边设施的地下通道。
  以涩谷地铁站为例,全站一共有8层,地上3层、地下5层,仅地下5层的出口就有30多个,辐射了涩谷商业中心区域的几乎所有重要设施。
  完善的公共配套
  除了发达的轨道交通,相对低廉的住房价格,完善的医疗、教育、餐饮、文娱等配套设施也是吸引企业和居民到卫星城落户的重要环节。
  据东京都都市整备局政策调整课长并木芳宪介绍,日本政府按功能将城市划分成不同区域。在住区,一般1个住区对应1个中学校区,同时设1个住区中心,配备医院、图书馆、活动场所等公共设施。商业区则一般以地铁站为据点,发展零售、餐饮、娱乐等设施,为周边住区的居民提供生活便利。
  除了做规划,日本政府在建设卫星城时还出台一些引导政策。以筑波为例,日本政府一方面对参与筑波“脑力立城计划”的企业给予减免税,划拨援助金,同时制定较高的新房建设标准,为卫星城居民提供比东京市区更加舒适的居住环境;另一方面严格限制在东京中心区新建大学和工厂,通过政策的“厚此薄彼”,提高卫星城的竞争力。
  并木说,东京周边的卫星城经过多年发展,有的已比较成熟,但也出现了一些始料未及的问题,如人口老龄化。由于卫星城居民有很多是同一时期从外地迁入,多年后这批劳动人口又集中在同一时期退休,给当地医疗护理、公共服务造成了较大压力。因此,现在东京在做新城开发项目时十分注意应对老龄化的准备。比如尽量减少公共场所的阶梯、设置扶手、在地铁站配备直梯等。
  青山教授还指出,与西方国家的饮食习惯不同,日本国民比较依赖绿色蔬菜,考虑到绿色蔬菜经过远距离运输后品质会大打折扣,东京有意在城市周边保留了大量农业用地。如东京23个特别区的练马区、足立区等,都是农业集中的地区,保证了城市居民获取新鲜蔬菜的需求。

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USA as a world power? In E-Sim it is possible!

In E-Sim we have a huge, living world, which is a mirror copy of the Earth. Well, maybe not completely mirrored, because the balance of power in this virtual world looks a bit different than in real life. In E-Sim, USA does not have to be a world superpower, It can be efficiently managed as a much smaller country that has entrepreneurial citizens that support it's foundation. Everything depends on the players themselves and how they decide to shape the political map of the game.

Work for the good of your country and see it rise to an empire.

Activities in this game are divided into several modules. First is the economy as a citizen in a country of your choice you must work to earn money, which you will get to spend for example, on food or purchase of weapons which are critical for your progress as a fighter. You will work in either private companies which are owned by players or government companies which are owned by the state. After progressing in the game you will finally get the opportunity to set up your own business and hire other players. If it prospers, we can even change it into a joint-stock company and enter the stock market and get even more money in this way.


In E-Sim, international wars are nothing out of the ordinary.

"E-Sim is one of the most unique browser games out there"

Become an influential politician.

The second module is a politics. Just like in real life politics in E-Sim are an extremely powerful tool that can be used for your own purposes. From time to time there are elections in the game in which you will not only vote, but also have the ability to run for the head of the party you're in. You can also apply for congress, where once elected you will be given the right to vote on laws proposed by your fellow congress members or your president and propose laws yourself. Voting on laws is important for your country as it can shape the lives of those around you. You can also try to become the head of a given party, and even take part in presidential elections and decide on the shape of the foreign policy of a given state (for example, who to declare war on). Career in politics is obviously not easy and in order to succeed in it, you have to have a good plan and compete for the votes of voters.


You can go bankrupt or become a rich man while playing the stock market.

The international war.

The last and probably the most important module is military. In E-Sim, countries are constantly fighting each other for control over territories which in return grant them access to more valuable raw materials. For this purpose, they form alliances, they fight international wars, but they also have to deal with, for example, uprisings in conquered countries or civil wars, which may explode on their territory. You can also take part in these clashes, although you are also given the opportunity to lead a life as a pacifist who focuses on other activities in the game (for example, running a successful newspaper or selling products).


At the auction you can sell or buy your dream inventory.

E-Sim is a unique browser game. It's creators ensured realistic representation of the mechanisms present in the real world and gave all power to the players who shape the image of the virtual Earth according to their own. So come and join them and help your country achieve its full potential.


Invest, produce and sell - be an entrepreneur in E-Sim.


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