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美国司法神话后面的世界(8)
作者: 方鲲鹏
公正要靠钱当家
私人公司开办的刑事证据检测实验室,受商业化干扰,检验结果和专家的证词可能带有倾向性,会照顾客户的利益(实质上是照顾实验室的钱袋)。但是,警察部门开设的实验室,同样有倾向性问题,会想方设法帮助警检方将被告定罪。对抗和减少这两种倾向的危害,在美国都需要钱作后盾。对于富人来说,可以自己花钱让律师挑选私人实验室多做几家,与官方实验室抗衡。而对于大多数平民来说,只能听天由命了,因为负担不起昂贵的费用。所谓法律面前人人平等,离开钱的支持,只能是一种奢愿。
所以,世界上的事往往不会照一厢情愿发展,倒更像跷跷板游戏,要持平,并非易事。以为中国体制改革就能解决一切问题,是不切实际的想当然。改革后有改革后的问题,改革决策者们要有前瞻性,少喊一点口号,多研究一些问题,做好顶层设计,注重如何持平跷跷板和保护弱势群体。
警察实验室的常见毛病,除了迎合警检方的破案方案,还有技术训练不足、工作马虎涣散、效率极低等问题。美国前橄榄球超级明星O.J.辛普森涉嫌谋杀前妻及其男友的双命案,被媒体称为世纪大案。这个案子检方握有“血证如山”,审判在洛杉矶进行,从1995年1月24日开始,直至当年10月3日,传媒铺天盖地现场直播报道,将警察刑事实验室缺乏训练,玩忽职守的面貌尽现于电视观众的眼前。结果这场审判的对象,倒像是洛杉矶的警察及其刑事实验室。虽然检方有“如山血证”,可采样和检测操作不合标准,“血证”被污染或蓄意造假,致使DNA检验结果经不起盘问,最后因为不能满足“超越合理怀疑”的定罪标准,陪审团只能判辛普森无罪。
可怕的是,警察实验室这种渎职行为,不仅仅发生在洛杉矶,辛普森案后媒体陆续的调查揭露,证实了这种状况在全美各地警察实验室普遍存在。到了本世纪初,舆论终于爆发了批评高潮,迫使许多警察实验室关闭整顿,其中有些是大城市的警察实验室,因而受到当地大型媒体的关注,它们的报道成为我以下几篇“素描”的资料来源。
美国司法神话后面的世界(9)
作者: 方鲲鹏
休斯顿警察局DNA实验室一片混乱
(本节主要参考资料:
【1】《休斯顿纪事报》2003年9月7日报道“DNA lab analysts unqualified”【2】CBS电视网2009年2月11日报道“DNA Testing:Foolproof?”)
德州休斯顿警察局DNA实验室因为检测质量奇差和舞弊行为,在2002年11月关闭整顿,一直到2006年经由专业机构检验合格后重新运作。然而不过两年,2008年因为同样原因,再次遭到关闭整顿。直到最近,媒体仍在痛斥这个实验室依然问题重重。
《休斯顿纪事报》和其他媒体2003年3月报道,经DNA送独立实验室复验后,乔赛亚·萨顿(Josiah Sutton)被排除是一件强奸案的罪犯。
萨顿1999年面临强奸罪审判时,受害人是唯一的证人,但她认错了人。本来受害人的不正确记忆不至于铸成大错,因为警方从她体内和衣服上获得了强奸犯的DNA。然而检测比对后,休斯顿警方DNA实验室的检测分析师告诉陪审团,毫无疑问,两份DNA匹配,萨顿肯定是作案者。虽然没有其他证人和证据,DNA实验室专家的这番言之凿凿的作证,使陪审团只用了一个多小时就将萨顿定罪,法官判处他25年监禁。
在DNA复查排除了他作案后,又过了一年,2004年4月,萨顿终于洗脱罪名,无罪释放,这时他已在监狱度过了4年半,而他进监狱时只有16岁。2006年,警方凭借正确的DNA检测结果,终于抓到了此案的真正罪犯。
萨顿被错判后,曾正式向法庭提出复验DNA证据的请愿,但是遭到法官拒绝。他后来能幸运获得复验证据的机会,完全是源于DNA实验室发生的另一个与他不相干的荒唐事件。
有一个强奸嫌疑人,被捕后DNA立刻送去实验室与警方已掌握的罪犯DNA比对,并且注明是急件。按正常速度,这个检验几天就可以完成,然而这个实验室却做了9个月,最后测试结果证明嫌疑人是清白的,但他已经被关了9个月。出狱后,他心有不甘,把这个事捅给了CBS电视网在当地的电视台。媒体调查后发现这类DNA检验严重延误状况,在这个实验室是家常便饭。例如做上面这件DNA检测的分析师,通常都是接3个星期内可以处理完的检测任务,但她却总要花9到10个月才能出结果。
电视台将这一事件报道后,就像推倒了第一张多米诺骨牌,休斯顿警察DNA实验室的荒唐事接着越爆越多。到2002年11月,休斯顿市政府被迫宣布关闭整顿这个实验室,由独立的机构和专家审查实验室的问题,将以前检测过的数百个被定罪案子的DNA样本,送商业性独立实验室复查。经过复验,发现原来的检测结论,有严重问题的占很高比例,其中至少6个在服刑的被告得以洗脱罪名获得自由,乔赛亚·萨顿就是其中之一。
这个警方实验室的情况糟糕到什么程度?CBS电视网在一个节目中引用了参与审查的加州大学DNA专家、犯罪学教授威廉·汤普森(William Thompson)的话:
“这个实验室的检测报告甚至达不到高中低年级学生的科学实验标准。检测结果看上去像是捏造的,为的是适合检方的破案需要。我发现这个实验室始终如一地扭曲DNA证据的统计分析,我发现这个实验室始终如一地不遵守科学程序。”
休斯顿是美国南方的大城市,警方DNA实验室有11个检测分析师。《休斯顿纪事报》2003年9月7日发表调查报告,披露这个DNA实验室虽然每个人都受过高等教育,但没有一人具有可以担任DNA分析师的合格教育和专业背景,即使是实验室的技术主管也是如此。拿统计学来说,这是DNA测试分析人员必须掌握的知识和技能,可是除了一人例外,这个实验室没有人在大学修习过统计课,实验室也没为他们提供统计学培训。而DNA分析师不懂DNA测试结果的情形,不仅存在于休斯顿警察DNA实验室,也是德州其他警方DNA实验室的普遍现象。
美国以前同样的工作,官办机构工资比较低,吸引不了合格人才。这种情况近年来已改变,官办机构技术员的工资已追上甚至反超私营部门的工资,不过这里介绍的休斯顿警方实验室,显然工资水平在人才市场上缺乏竞争力。然而警方实验室虽然给技术人员付薪较少,可也省不了钱,因为效率也低,像上面的例子,3个星期内可以处理完的检测,这个分析师要花9到10个月。另一方面,私人公司虽能招到优秀人才,可是刑事实验室商业化后,也有分析报告迎合“购买”者的问题。既要效率,司法又不能太商业化,更重要的是怎么保证公正,这些兼顾平衡不是一个容易解决的课题,再次突显中国的改革有很多问题需要深入研究。

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USA as a world power? In E-Sim it is possible!

In E-Sim we have a huge, living world, which is a mirror copy of the Earth. Well, maybe not completely mirrored, because the balance of power in this virtual world looks a bit different than in real life. In E-Sim, USA does not have to be a world superpower, It can be efficiently managed as a much smaller country that has entrepreneurial citizens that support it's foundation. Everything depends on the players themselves and how they decide to shape the political map of the game.

Work for the good of your country and see it rise to an empire.

Activities in this game are divided into several modules. First is the economy as a citizen in a country of your choice you must work to earn money, which you will get to spend for example, on food or purchase of weapons which are critical for your progress as a fighter. You will work in either private companies which are owned by players or government companies which are owned by the state. After progressing in the game you will finally get the opportunity to set up your own business and hire other players. If it prospers, we can even change it into a joint-stock company and enter the stock market and get even more money in this way.


In E-Sim, international wars are nothing out of the ordinary.

"E-Sim is one of the most unique browser games out there"

Become an influential politician.

The second module is a politics. Just like in real life politics in E-Sim are an extremely powerful tool that can be used for your own purposes. From time to time there are elections in the game in which you will not only vote, but also have the ability to run for the head of the party you're in. You can also apply for congress, where once elected you will be given the right to vote on laws proposed by your fellow congress members or your president and propose laws yourself. Voting on laws is important for your country as it can shape the lives of those around you. You can also try to become the head of a given party, and even take part in presidential elections and decide on the shape of the foreign policy of a given state (for example, who to declare war on). Career in politics is obviously not easy and in order to succeed in it, you have to have a good plan and compete for the votes of voters.


You can go bankrupt or become a rich man while playing the stock market.

The international war.

The last and probably the most important module is military. In E-Sim, countries are constantly fighting each other for control over territories which in return grant them access to more valuable raw materials. For this purpose, they form alliances, they fight international wars, but they also have to deal with, for example, uprisings in conquered countries or civil wars, which may explode on their territory. You can also take part in these clashes, although you are also given the opportunity to lead a life as a pacifist who focuses on other activities in the game (for example, running a successful newspaper or selling products).


At the auction you can sell or buy your dream inventory.

E-Sim is a unique browser game. It's creators ensured realistic representation of the mechanisms present in the real world and gave all power to the players who shape the image of the virtual Earth according to their own. So come and join them and help your country achieve its full potential.


Invest, produce and sell - be an entrepreneur in E-Sim.


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