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二、是谁在怀念民国时代?

上面已经说过,就整个社会的各阶层而言,民国有民国的好,新中国有新中国的好,具体就要看每个人的社会地位和个人收入而定,不能一概而论。
那么,究竟是哪些人,在怀念那个“无比美好”的民国时代?
请大家在这里先看两份工资单:
1918~1919年,青年时代的毛主席在在北大图书馆担任管理员,而著名海归学者胡适则在北大当教授。
——毛图书管理员的月薪不过8大洋,胡教授的月薪却高达240块大洋,两者相差30倍!
事实上,当时的胡适虽然从海外镀了一层金归来,但在北大参加工作的时间还不长,名声也远不如后世,月薪还不算最高的。同一时期,北大中文系主任陈独秀的月薪为400块大洋,相当于毛管理员的50倍——再过几年,北大教授的月薪还要再翻一倍,平均达到500块大洋,而图书管理员的月薪却没怎么上涨。
而更要命的是,胡适教授的280块大洋,一般来说每个月都能按时发放。而毛管理员的8块大洋月薪却总是被拖欠,直到离职也没能全部拿到手。据说他先后干了半年,最后却只拿了三个月的薪水,相当于减薪一半——我突然明白传闻中毛主席仇视知识分子的原因了……
嗯,此外还有陈独秀主席在日后为什么会右倾投降,而胡适又为什么坚持反共立场,也可以从这份工资单上看出一点倪端——他们都是那个时代的既得利益者嘛!
事实上,真正的问题还不止于此。
平心而论,假如我们工薪阶层能够拿到2000~3000元的工资,基本满足温饱、接近小康,那么就算看到某位高级白领能拿十几万的月薪,是自己的几十倍,大家最多也就在私下羡慕一番,只要自己的日子还过得去,就不至于会发展到阶级仇恨的程度。
可问题是,毛图书管理员的8块大洋月薪,在当时的实际购买力,到底有多少呢?
由于民国时代战乱频繁,各地物价的变动幅度极大,光是米价就经常上下波动好几倍。基本上是越到后面的年代,通货膨胀就得越厉害。而且城市与乡村、南方与北方的物价水平相差也很大。如果在比较的时候,有意无意地张冠李戴,用上海的收入去比山西的物价,用20年代的物价去比40年代的收入,用乡下丰收时节的粮米收购价去比大城市工人的收入(可参考《多收了三五斗》),就很可能得出一堆非常荒谬的结果——而这也是当代“历史发明家”们常用的一种移花接木之术。
举个例子来说,前些年,河南乡下的白菜收购价一度跌到一毛钱一斤,让农民们赔本得欲哭无泪。可我们有谁在城里买到过一毛钱一斤的白菜?光是运费就有采购成本的好几倍了啊!
同理,如果现在让人拿着上海的收入到青海的西宁去生活,也绝对会非常宽裕,但问题是根本办不到。
回到正题,当毛主席进北大担任图书管理员的时候,民国才建立了六七年,尚未进入最黑暗的年代,大洋的币值还算坚挺。根据《民国经济史》提供的数据,在1919年的北京消费市场上,一块大洋应该可以买20斤米,8斤猪肉,购买力最多相当于如今的40元人民币。
而毛图书管理员的8块大洋月薪,只能折合如今的320元,还不够当代很多城市的低保标准。
更要命的是,首都北京又是全国仅次于上海的物价高昂之地,毛管理员的8块银元月薪在湖南老家已经算是高薪,可在北京却实在是不经花——虽然这8个银元可以买到160斤米,可是他在北京除了吃饭,还要吃菜,要买衣服,要交水电费,要买煤球做饭,还要买报纸和火柴、香烟,尤其是还要交房租……
当今的“北漂一族”,想必都对北京的房租之高昂深有体会。而毛主席当年的北京房租水平,虽然没有眼下这般夸张,但同样也不会便宜到哪里去。
——现在的320元人民币,在不少地方应该也可以买到160斤米,可有谁能用320元的收入过日子?不信的话,让你到北京拿320元招募一个图书管理员试试看?恐怕就算是兼职的也招不到吧!
而胡教授的240块大洋月薪,却可以折合为当今的9600元人民币,完全够得上现代大学的标准。若是放到那个烽火四起、饿殍遍地的民国年代,更是已经要归为富豪一类了!
很显然,让劳动人民们拿着3000元工资看教授们月入96000元,与拿着300元工资看教授们月入9600元,绝对会导致两种完全不同的心情——前者还只是一般的羡慕,而后者就是恨得眼睛都要红了。
总之,在民国年间,大学教授是一个非常体面的职业。而上世纪二三十年代,也是知识分子的黄金时代,大学教授们的工资水平远高于社会的平均工资,过着非常优越的物质生活。高薪之下,大学教授和讲师们有很多钱来逛琉璃厂,买书籍报刊,买古玩字画,生活充满了小资情调。
北洋政府的那些军阀们,虽然外表看起来颇为粗野鲁莽,彼此之间总是打来杀去的,但对知识分子倒是十分的客气。哪怕在财政上捉襟见肘,也从来不曾亏欠这些专家学者们的薪水。就算是鲁迅这样总喜欢与执政当局闹别扭的刺头儿,教育部门也不曾扣了他的每月300银元高薪。
而这些教授们的职位通常又很稳当,既不像商人那样可能因为投资失败而破产,也不像官员那样随时可能因为政权更迭而被无故罢免,还居住在治安相对良好的大城市里,不像乡下地主们那样要担心农民抗租、土匪劫掠、军阀勒索,堪称是铁饭碗中的铁饭碗。所以,他们的幸福生活常常让后人感叹不已。
再回过头来看看当代,在如今国内的沿海一线城市,大学讲师的月薪通常在6000元上下,副教授8000元,教授10000元。而门卫、勤杂人员的薪水,最起码也有2000元左右。两者仅仅相差3~5倍而已。
对于这样被大幅度缩小的收入差距,广大劳动人民认为是理所当然,甚至觉得这些教授的收入已经够高了,更何况在教育机关的编制内,很可能还有分房子之类平常人享受不到的优厚福利。
如果把大学门卫、勤杂人员这些人的收入,压缩到民国年代的标准,也就是原来的10%,月薪只有200元左右,而物价指数不变,福利待遇全无,此外还要时常拖欠薪水……我想他们应该就可以充分体会到当年毛主席在北大图书馆里干活时的心情了——“……我对政治的兴趣继续增长,我的思想越来越激进……我在李大钊手下在国立北京大学当图书馆助理员的时候,就迅速地朝着马克思主义的方向发展。”(摘自斯诺的《西行漫记》)
所以,劳苦大众们就算对当今社会有很多不满,也绝对不会怀念那个拿320元薪水的民国年代。
而当今的很多“砖家叫兽”们回顾历史,却觉得心里非常不平衡——在他们看来,时代在进步,知识应该更受尊重,知识分子的薪水也更应该与时俱进,跟愚民们拉开差距才对!
哪怕是按照民国时代的“落后标准”,他们最起码也该拿2000元的30到50倍,也就是月薪6万到10万才算是合理啊!可现在政府才肯给民国标准的1/10!!真是太不尊重知识分子了!!!
——民国时期的大学教授,可以很轻松地在北京买一座四合院。而现代的大学教授,想要在北京弄个100平方米的三室一厅,都要几乎买到通州那边的地界上去了!
对于这些人来说,当代社会给他们提供的待遇,远远不如民国年间的高标准,自然要满腹牢骚,并且无限怀念那个“美好的年代”。而他们又都是高级知识分子,也是最擅长玩笔杆子的一类人,自然有本事在笔下“发明”出无数描述民国时代美好之处的“新思维”、“新发现”了。
——正如我们在政治课本上学到的那样,一切问题从根本上讲都是经济问题!

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