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八、建立在粪堆之上的欧洲名城

好吧!如果你是城堡的主人,自然可以用严刑酷法约束仆人,把他们赶到院子外边大小便,并且找个远离居室的地方堆积垃圾和粪便。但是,总是看着城堡里的这么几十个人,还有外面一成不变的田野和山林,时间久了你肯定会腻……那么,不如到城里去逛逛?
嗯,中世纪的欧洲虽然地广人稀,到处都是乡村和荒野,贵族老爷们都蹲在城堡里,但还是能找出那么几个像样的城市——比如说德国的科隆,奥地利的维也纳,法国的巴黎和马赛,还有伟大的罗马……虽然这些城市在中世纪的大部分时间里,通常只有几万人口,但总归比小小的城堡要热闹。
不过,你在进城之前,最好往鼻子上捂一块布,有条件的话再喷点儿香水。
呃?为什么?在这里扯一些题外话,不知大家有没有看过,在西方奇幻小说《冰与火之歌》里面,代理首相“小恶魔”提利昂阁下,带着他包养的乡下妓女进了王都君临城,那妓女在床上就整天跟提利昂抱怨这地方太臭——那还是首相金屋藏娇的高级别墅呢。
之后,提利昂到城门去迎接一位从沙漠里来的多恩亲王“红毒蛇”奥柏伦,这位亲王也是在城门口就被臭气熏得久久驻足,最后才捏着鼻子老大不情愿地进了城。
中世纪的欧洲城市,大多数确实都是这样很脏很臭,所以人们总是喜欢边走边拿一束薰衣草。
那个年代的欧洲人基本没想过要新建下水道,就算继承了古罗马帝国的遗产,几百年荒废下来,也都堵塞得差不多了——修建地下排水系统需要大量资金,而当时战乱频繁,领主自己都没把握他们的统治能维持到什么时候,在贵族老爷们的眼里,人民不过是制造税金的工具,哪有精力去为人民的幸福着想?
更糟糕的是,当时的欧洲人都不懂得使用粪肥,在城市和乡村的道路上,自然也就没有了捡粪的农民——在东方世界,他们可都是免费的清洁工!
如此一来,区区几十人的小城堡,都能被不讲卫生的中世纪欧洲人搞得这么脏乱,而几万人的“大城市”,更是铁定会处处散发着恶臭,脏得令人毛骨悚然。
总之,在进城之后,你不仅要像现代人一样当心踩狗屎(中世纪主要是人屎和马粪),更要注意高空坠物——根据从罗马帝国时代传承下来的糟糕生活习惯,欧洲城市居民都喜欢直接从窗口倾倒粪尿。
区别是罗马帝国时代的城市还有人负责清扫,中世纪的欧洲城市则堆着满街粪便没人管,直到被鞋子、马蹄和车辆碾压成新的路面为止……
现在明白这地方为啥会臭了吧!街道的路面都是用陈年大便铺的啊!
而且,中世纪城市的街道很狭窄,想要躲避突然从天而降的屎尿,如果不全神贯注的话还真是不容易。在17世纪的法国巴黎,法令规定市民在白天不许从楼上倾倒粪尿,只有晚上才可以,但倾倒之前必须要先喊一声“注意尿”,以防引起不必要的治安纠纷……
而在更古老的中世纪年代,则是白天晚上都可以随便倾倒,至于在倾倒粪尿之前会不会吱一声给路人提个醒,则要看这位市民的素质和心情了。
——在美国独立战争时期的1776年,富兰克林漂洋过海到法国来求援,结果才刚进巴黎就被臭气熏昏,而那时的巴黎卫生状况,其实已经有了很大改观……
所以,有很多人刻薄地评论说,如果有谁能够在中世纪的巴黎过得很习惯,那么他的鼻子绝对可以扛得住一战时期的毒气弹!
于是,踩着肮脏的粪便和泥水,提防着随时都有可能从头顶泼下的屎尿,闻着堪比一战时期毒气弹的恐怖臭气,你终于提心吊胆地在中世纪的城市里转悠了一圈,从心底里给这鬼地方贴上了肮脏、愚昧、落后、人间地狱等等恶心的标签。只怕是连看木偶戏和听教堂圣歌的心思也没有了,只想着赶快离开。
事实上,这些建筑在粪堆上的欧洲城市,在中世纪的年代里,还远远没有发展到它们最恐怖的时候。
中世纪的欧洲毕竟人口稀少,哪怕是在城市里,粪便堆积也还不是最急迫的问题。
随着时代的发展,到了工业革命前夕,欧洲大城市已经有了几十万人口,卫生观念却并未随之提高的时候,情况还要更加恐怖和荒谬。
到了中世纪晚期,巴黎人为了清理市容,总算开始把粪便集中起来,堆积在城墙外侧,用以减少城内的污秽。不幸的是,随着巴黎的繁荣昌盛,其粪堆也日渐庞大。
最后,粪堆的规模已经扩大到了如此骇人听闻的地步,以至于人们出于安全的考虑,而不得不将围墙筑高,以防敌军踩着粪堆直接冲上巴黎城墙——上帝啊,从中世纪以来积累的“环巴黎粪堆”,已经高得可以把城墙给淹没了,巴黎城就是一颗被粪堆环绕和保卫的明珠!!!
而且,情况都已经到了这个地步,巴黎人还要偷懒不想着怎么把堆积如山的大粪拉走,而是直接在粪堆上加高城墙……你们难道就这么喜欢粪便吗?这是什么花都巴黎啊!根本就是一座大便之都好不好!!!
英国人的情况也好不到哪里去,他们直接把粪便排入城市附近的河道内。但由于粪便太多,河流很快就开始慢慢地被淤塞……
例如,伦敦的弗利特河就负责收集了几个世纪的粪便,等到河水终于停止流动的时候,弗利特河也变成了弗利特街——这么奇葩的填海造陆方式,实在是令人叹为观止。
好了,不多说了,如果在看到了上述内容之后,依然有人想要到欧洲中世纪闯荡一番的话,我只能在这里佩服你们的勇气,并且默默地献上祝福。

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