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所以,如果在中世纪遇到一个把圣经故事讲得乌七八糟的蹩脚牧师,你也千万不要感到奇怪。
——洪秀全的太平天国运动如同提早一千年,或许就不会被罗马教廷认为是异端了。
言归正传,鲁迅笔下的孔乙己说“茴字有四种写法”,就被现代的中国人视为累赘迂腐。但在中世纪欧洲的神圣罗马帝国,同一个词在德语里怕是有二十种写法都不止(当时的捷克、荷兰、瑞士还有其他许多国度,都还在德国的版图之内),弄得书面信息总是在传播过程之中出差错,想要跟别人写信也很头疼。
为了避免误会,德意志的诸侯们之间只能用拉丁文交流。而法国那边也好不了多少。
因此,在中世纪的环境背景之下,千万不要以为都是德国人或者都是法国人,就不存在语言文字上的障碍了——就算是在中国,广东人和上海人之间还经常是鸡同鸭讲呢!
一直要到中世纪早已结束的十六世纪,马丁.路德(不是美国的那个黑人领袖,而是创立新教的那个德国人)才对德语的语法进行了初步的规范,并且第一次把《圣经》翻译成德语。
由于法语的规范化工作做得比较好,再加上近代法国的实力强盛,文化冠绝欧洲,所以一直到19世纪,法语都是欧洲外交界的国际通用语言,直到20世纪才被英语逐渐取代。
综上所述,如果你在中世纪用本民族语言写信,由于没有统一的文字标准,收信人很可能会产生误解。而若是采用拉丁文写信,大部分人又看不懂,必须到大教堂里找高级神职人员进行翻译……
当然,如果你是意大利人,就没有这种烦恼了——这也是文艺复兴最先在意大利发生的原因之一吧!否则,若是连单词和语法都没有统一规定的话,文学家们又该怎么写《十日谈》和《神曲》呢?
好了,现在让我们初步总结一下中世纪欧洲生活的弊端:城堡不适于居住,饭菜不合口味,没有统一的语言规范,书信交流十分困难……
最后一点其实并不是什么大碍,那年头99%的欧洲人都是文盲,一座小镇上都找不出一个识字人的事情比比皆是(《狼与辛香料》里面的那位罗伦斯,只是帮文盲村民们念了一纸契约,就得到了一只烤鸡作为酬劳,可见那年头知识分子的珍贵),与其大费周章的写信,倒不如找个记性好的听差跑过去直接传话。
总之,就当是生活在现代的偏远山村好了,似乎勉强还能忍受?
呵呵,少年,你实在是太天真了,事情还没完呢,中世纪欧洲日常生活的恐怖之处,绝对能让任何一个正常的现代人疯掉,哪里是这么容易就能蒙混过关的?

五、“初夜权”的真相

为了缓和大家的心情,在讲到最悲催的话题之前,还是先说说一些貌似很香艳的事情——例如初夜权。
所谓的初夜权,就是指中世纪欧洲的封建领主,在领地内居民结婚的时候,可以抢在新郎的前边,先和新娘睡上第一夜,夺取她贞操的权力。
嗯嗯,诸位欲求不满的男性穿越者同胞们,在听到这个好消息之后,是不是感到浑身兽血沸腾,恨不得立即穿越到中世纪的欧洲当领主,体验一把免费开苞大洋马,每月轮换不重样的美妙快感?
……这个……嗯,我还是要说,理想很丰满,现实却很骨感,实际情况恐怕远没有诸位想得那么好。
事实上,对于中世纪欧洲的封建领主来说,初夜权与其说是什么特权,倒不如说是一种辛苦的义务,通常都是将要结婚的农民们倾家荡产备了厚礼,求爷爷告奶奶地恳请领主大人来骑自家媳妇的。
为什么会有这么荒唐的事情?莫非中世纪的欧洲人在性观念方面都是变态?
因为中世纪欧洲的卫生观念非常落后,在很多地区,成年后的女人由于来月经的臭味,一直被歧视为肮脏的存在,跟《红楼梦》中贾宝玉那个“女人是水做的,男人是泥做的”的著名论断,完完全全地颠倒了过来。
再加上原始部落时代残留下来的一些迷信因素,在中世纪前期的欧洲乡下,处女们竟然普遍被认为是有毒的,肮脏的,甚至有男人上了处女会生病折寿的说法——跟同时期中国人的贞操观念完全相反。
在那些愚昧乡民们的眼中,只有尊贵的领主和僧侣们,才能克服处女的“毒性”,在圣光加护下代替新郎,为处女新娘“辟邪消厄”,然后那些没法力的新郎才敢跟老婆上床。
但在实际操作之中,由于教规戒律的约束,除了少数品行不端的放荡牧师之外,主要还是由不禁酒色的领主大人来帮新郎官“辟邪”。
——千万不要以为这是什么福利!其实以中世纪欧洲那种悲催的卫生和营养条件,寻常村姑哪有几个好看的?
当时的诸位领主大人们,多半也是看在农民们孝敬上来的咸鱼香肠鸡蛋奶酪的份上,才会捏着鼻子强忍着恶心,去跟那些满脸麻子、浑身脏臭、面黄肌瘦的庸脂俗粉们滚床单……
当然,随着时间的推移,文明也在进步,到了中世纪的中后期,欧洲已经基本没有多少愚昧之人,还会去做出花大钱请领主老爷来操自家媳妇这种蠢事了。初夜权也慢慢演变成了结婚税——领主们宣布出售初夜权,新郎则上缴一些钱或者食物,把新娘的初夜从领主手中“买”回来……
不过,在中世纪后期的某些年代和某些地区,初夜权也得到过恢复。
例如在英格兰国王爱德华一世征服苏格兰的那会儿,为了招募人手去巩固新占领的苏格兰地区,爱德华一世才再次宣布恢复初夜权,引诱好色的英格兰领主们带兵离开繁华温暖的南方故土,前往苏格兰高地担任占领军,顺便无偿享用当地的苏格兰村姑。
结果可怜的华莱士回家一看,发现新婚妻子梅伦已经被英格兰老爷先奸后杀,顿时怒发冲冠,喊着“Freedom”发动了轰轰烈烈的大起义,从此便有了《勇敢的心》这一脍炙人口的传奇故事……
总之,在中世纪的中后期,严格意义上的初夜权已经很难被实际执行了,如果穿越者领主硬是要这么搞的话,就要做好自己领地里突然冒出个华莱士,高喊着“Freedom”掀起大暴动的思想准备。
——注意,不给钱强制执行初夜权是一回事,在外面包养情妇搞出私生子则是另一回事,只要你肯给钱送首饰的话,还是会有许多农家姑娘愿意没名没分就为你暖床的。
根据一些零星记载,在中世纪的早期,经常有领主大人看某某农夫不顺眼,不肯在他的新婚之夜给他的丑老婆开苞驱邪,结果让这位倒霉农夫全家都给愁得直跳脚的事例。
而到了中世纪后期,类似的情况则是倒了过来,对于某些看不顺眼的刺头儿,领主们往往会把他老婆的初夜权,故意卖给或送给某个远近闻名的人渣恶棍……然后让他们两个自己打上一场,领主大人则可以没事偷着乐。
有一个很多人可能不知道的事实:就在现代的英国,居然还有很多偏僻地区没有明文规定废除初夜权,全靠现代的地主们自觉声明放弃。如果有谁忘了声明的话,弄不好就会惹出大乱子——2007年,英国王储查尔斯在威尔士的卡马森郡买了一座占地196亩的大庄园,打算用来度假。谁知这地方的封建领主初夜权居然尚未废除,从理论上讲依然有效,而查尔斯王储在买庄园的时候,却没有签署文件放弃这一权利。
于是,这一漏洞就被无孔不入的狗仔队们给发掘出来,捅到了许多街边小报上,一时间搅得满城风波,也让许多即将成为新娘的卡马森郡当地农家女孩惴惴不安——戴安娜王妃的世纪婚礼,已经是几十年之前的往事了。如今谁都知道,这个查尔斯若是剥掉了王储的光环,其实也就是一介糟老头罢了。
结果,英国克劳伦斯宫的一名发言人赶紧发表声明称,查尔斯王储绝不会使用这一古老落后的封建权力——想来这位查尔斯王储殿下,虽然谈不上什么洁身自好的道德典范,但应该也不会如此的好色无下限,估计他多半是年纪大了,思维也不够灵敏,在买庄园的时候根本没就想到这一茬罢了。

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USA as a world power? In E-Sim it is possible!

In E-Sim we have a huge, living world, which is a mirror copy of the Earth. Well, maybe not completely mirrored, because the balance of power in this virtual world looks a bit different than in real life. In E-Sim, USA does not have to be a world superpower, It can be efficiently managed as a much smaller country that has entrepreneurial citizens that support it's foundation. Everything depends on the players themselves and how they decide to shape the political map of the game.

Work for the good of your country and see it rise to an empire.

Activities in this game are divided into several modules. First is the economy as a citizen in a country of your choice you must work to earn money, which you will get to spend for example, on food or purchase of weapons which are critical for your progress as a fighter. You will work in either private companies which are owned by players or government companies which are owned by the state. After progressing in the game you will finally get the opportunity to set up your own business and hire other players. If it prospers, we can even change it into a joint-stock company and enter the stock market and get even more money in this way.


In E-Sim, international wars are nothing out of the ordinary.

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The second module is a politics. Just like in real life politics in E-Sim are an extremely powerful tool that can be used for your own purposes. From time to time there are elections in the game in which you will not only vote, but also have the ability to run for the head of the party you're in. You can also apply for congress, where once elected you will be given the right to vote on laws proposed by your fellow congress members or your president and propose laws yourself. Voting on laws is important for your country as it can shape the lives of those around you. You can also try to become the head of a given party, and even take part in presidential elections and decide on the shape of the foreign policy of a given state (for example, who to declare war on). Career in politics is obviously not easy and in order to succeed in it, you have to have a good plan and compete for the votes of voters.


You can go bankrupt or become a rich man while playing the stock market.

The international war.

The last and probably the most important module is military. In E-Sim, countries are constantly fighting each other for control over territories which in return grant them access to more valuable raw materials. For this purpose, they form alliances, they fight international wars, but they also have to deal with, for example, uprisings in conquered countries or civil wars, which may explode on their territory. You can also take part in these clashes, although you are also given the opportunity to lead a life as a pacifist who focuses on other activities in the game (for example, running a successful newspaper or selling products).


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E-Sim is a unique browser game. It's creators ensured realistic representation of the mechanisms present in the real world and gave all power to the players who shape the image of the virtual Earth according to their own. So come and join them and help your country achieve its full potential.


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