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总的来说，中国现在经济学界流行的还是自由市场至上的思想。不意外的话，对于我这一番用政府干预来解决“钱荒”的言论，必然会有人搬出四万亿投资的事情来打脸——若非政府主导投资，扔出四万亿廉价资金见项目就上，怎么会有这么大的投机泡沫？怎么会惹得李总理不惜主动引发“钱荒”来挤泡沫？吃政府的亏还不够吗？
谈到这个话题，这就必须好好回顾一番四万亿的前因后果。
从直接原因上说，四万亿的问题出在美国。美国玩金融玩嗨了，全球印钱吸血，也在自己国内炒起了资产泡沫。等到美国意识到泡沫问题，印钱的手稍微一软，泡沫就破了。作为连锁反应，全世界通行美元的地方都出了“钱荒”。
前面提到过，那时候中国最主要的印钱办法恰恰是最不合体统的换汇。欧美钱荒了，中国出口市场明显萎缩，中国央行收兑的美元、发出的人民币都大幅下降。而中国实体经济规模还因为惯性而不断上升，所以中国必须用换汇之外的方式来印钱，不仅要补上美元流入速度下降的缺口，还要有更多的数量来安抚一片恐慌的市场。这就是四万亿的原因。非要给四万亿找个直接嫌犯，那还得归结到美国的金融资本身上。
当然，四万亿以及后续资金毕竟是中国人自己印的，从中国人的视角看，这是对通货缺乏的正常反应，甚至可以说是好事——最起码从美国人替中国人印钱变成了自己印钱。发钞的主导权、印钱的铸币税都留在了中国。但是从实际执行来看，四万亿的确问题很大。
我当时在曾经碰上这样的事情，相距上百公里的两个县区同时要搞超级工业园区，立项的理由是金融危机前颇为繁荣的某大型工业企业要产业升级，要开新厂区，把很大的一部分生产能力和人员搬过来。企业搬迁自然要买工业用地；企业里的工人、工程师收入不错，自然要买房子，占用住宅用地，工人们还要在附近吃饭买菜看电影，还需要商业用地。这工商住宅用地都齐全了，建新城的理由也就出来了。
于是，这两个县区都以平方公里为单位征地、修基础设施。耕地指标不够就以土地整理的名义倒腾一批，再以农民进城城乡统筹的名义搞一批，不经批准先占一批，街道、给排水、土地平整、电力电信统统按照高标准修。至于立项的理由，首先是支持制造业，打造工业强县；其次是吸纳劳动力，让回流农民工有事干；第三是城乡统筹，给被占地农民解决社保；至于第四……再大的企业也不能一次用几平方公里的地，也得考虑点房地产开发项目，所以项目选址尽量要往省会的方向靠，往快速交通干线上靠，给房地产企业一个开发的理由。
这么大的项目，粗粗一算怎么也得十几亿的投资吧。要是分期开发，后面征地就难了，地方政府打算一票都干下来。一年全县也就三四亿的收入，县里肯定是没钱干这事儿的。于是就贷款，十几亿贷款是起码的，一家银行额度不够就找两家，还可以找政策性银行要低息贷款。既然有土地做抵押，有财政承诺托底（其实一回事），银行也痛快地签了贷款合同。新城迅速拔地而起。
唯一的问题是，最后这个大型工业企业去了哪个工业园？哪个也没去！因为金融危机之下，工厂销量也大大下降，急需贷款过冬，可工厂自己却拿不到贷款，自然没有建新厂区搬家的心思。幸而工厂的产品和基建间接相关，随着各地大上房地产项目，慢慢地也被救活了。但但繁荣程度远不如那两个开发区。既然闲钱不多，自然也就不琢磨什么新厂区铺摊子的大事，搬家的事情从此搁置，放进了中长期计划。你是不是以为那两个园区吃瘪了？错！人家卖地盖房子红火着呢，起码到这次钱荒之前日子还挺好过。
为啥厂子自身拿不到救急的贷款，拿工厂搬迁当概念的房产项却目拿的到贷款？原因很简单，房产项目有土地做抵押，有土地增值做利润来源，中间虽然也有些修基础设施的技术问题，但都是成熟技术。再加上地方政府做担保，自然贷款顺利。相比之下，工厂能拿出来抵押的资产都是设备和技术积累，这东西评估起来又麻烦又有风险，再加上金融危机打压销量，谁愿意吃力不讨好，在这当口支持企业技术升级？就算支持，企业拿出当初一个亿攒下的资产当抵押，银行评估一下，按照最保险的方式评估，能发两三千万贷款就不错了。地方政府（操作上通过融资平台）那边价值一亿的土地，由于价值直观，起码可以抵押8000万贷款，钱往哪边流不言自明。这就是“四万亿”最大的隐患。
地方政府不是中央政府的缩小版，在职能、权力方面有本质的不同。发钞权就是最重要的区别之一。地方政府没有印钞的权利，也不必为此担义务——保证钞票越来越多，而且一直能买到足够消费品的义务。领导自然关心的只是赚钱，增加本级财政收入，有了收入才有办法出政绩、攒官声。
所以，四万亿之错，不在于政府投资拉动经济，在于给地方政府上项目的权利的同时，没有严格地规定投资方向，制定投资计划。结果地方政府和银行一拍即合，大上房地产项目，铺了一个到现在也没铺完的摊子。贷款跟不上的时候，地方政府就发地方企业债、拉信托资金避免烂尾，赚到钱了就发福利。等到房价停滞、钱荒来袭，再高的利息也拉不来接盘资金，地方债（严格来说是以地方融资平台为主体的地方企业债）危机就开始按照缺口大小逐个吞噬地方财政了。
当然，地方政府和银行也不是不重视实体经济，就像上面说的例子，建新城的时候地方政府至少知道搞个产业园的概念。这几天被财经媒体盯得紧的唐山曹妃甸新区，也是准备大上工业来还债赚钱的。只是地方政府觉得，既然盖房子、修基础设施也是实体经济的一部分，用的都是没啥风险的成熟技术，还能立竿见影地拿到回报，当然要优先干。研究工业，配合国家产业升级，那是很了不起的大事，但回报期明显超过官员任期，也长于银行经理升职的考察周期。既然中央也没给分配明确的产业分工，了不起的事情还是留给别人去做吧。
所有地方政府和银行都这么琢磨，结果自然是基础设施相对过剩，工业相对不足。给地方债危机做辩护的人总说“实体经济怎么会有泡沫？”。但实际上这句话必须加个定语才合适：“发展平衡的实体经济怎么会有泡沫？”。中央政府自己不负责调整产业结构，把重大项目的权力扔给地方政府和商业银行，结果就是实体经济中容易炒作的那部分成为泡沫，其他方向依然短板。印出来的钱还是没有依托。可见，四万亿的问题不是政府干预太多，恰恰是中央政府干预太少。
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About the game:
USA as a world power? In E-Sim it is possible!
In E-Sim we have a huge, living world, which is a mirror copy of the Earth. Well, maybe not completely mirrored, because the balance of power in this virtual world looks a bit different than in real life. In E-Sim, USA does not have to be a world superpower, It can be efficiently managed as a much smaller country that has entrepreneurial citizens that support it's foundation. Everything depends on the players themselves and how they decide to shape the political map of the game.
Work for the good of your country and see it rise to an empire.
Activities in this game are divided into several modules. First is the economy as a citizen in a country of your choice you must work to earn money, which you will get to spend for example, on food or purchase of weapons which are critical for your progress as a fighter. You will work in either private companies which are owned by players or government companies which are owned by the state. After progressing in the game you will finally get the opportunity to set up your own business and hire other players. If it prospers, we can even change it into a joint-stock company and enter the stock market and get even more money in this way.
In E-Sim, international wars are nothing out of the ordinary.
Become an influential politician.
The second module is a politics. Just like in real life politics in E-Sim are an extremely powerful tool that can be used for your own purposes. From time to time there are elections in the game in which you will not only vote, but also have the ability to run for the head of the party you're in. You can also apply for congress, where once elected you will be given the right to vote on laws proposed by your fellow congress members or your president and propose laws yourself. Voting on laws is important for your country as it can shape the lives of those around you. You can also try to become the head of a given party, and even take part in presidential elections and decide on the shape of the foreign policy of a given state (for example, who to declare war on). Career in politics is obviously not easy and in order to succeed in it, you have to have a good plan and compete for the votes of voters.
You can go bankrupt or become a rich man while playing the stock market.
The international war.
The last and probably the most important module is military. In E-Sim, countries are constantly fighting each other for control over territories which in return grant them access to more valuable raw materials. For this purpose, they form alliances, they fight international wars, but they also have to deal with, for example, uprisings in conquered countries or civil wars, which may explode on their territory. You can also take part in these clashes, although you are also given the opportunity to lead a life as a pacifist who focuses on other activities in the game (for example, running a successful newspaper or selling products).
At the auction you can sell or buy your dream inventory.
E-Sim is a unique browser game. It's creators ensured realistic representation of the mechanisms present in the real world and gave all power to the players who shape the image of the virtual Earth according to their own. So come and join them and help your country achieve its full potential.
Invest, produce and sell - be an entrepreneur in E-Sim.
Take part in numerous events for the E-Sim community.
