Login:
Password:

Forgot password Register

Article


9
   
Report


6 开银行不能忘本

在理想的央行模型中,资金扩张可以和企业生产能力扩张同步进行。但现实中投机泡沫一个接一个,泡沫后的紧缩又对那些不投机的企业进行全面打击。连续不断的折腾说明,理想模型正常运行的某个前提一定未能得到满足。一定有某个地方出了差错。这个差错是什么呢?

论语里有这么一段:
子路曰:“卫君待子而为政,子将奚先?”【我要去给卫国打工了,到地方先干啥能镇住场子?】
子曰:“必也正名乎!”【正名!】
子路曰:“有是哉,子之迂也!奚其正?”【老师您太老套了,一个名头有啥好争的】
子曰:“野哉,由也!君子于其所不知,盖阙如也。名不正,则言不顺。言不顺,则事不成。”【混小子,你傻不要紧,闭嘴就没人知道的。现在我告诉你,名分决定了讨论的逻辑,逻辑不对啥都得干砸了。正名是第一要务】


孔子不问卫国的情况,不问子路挂职的级别,上来就回答“正名!”。可见孔子认为“正名”是通用的管理逻辑。我是这样理解孔子的对“正名”的重视的:名分是对一个机构(领导)任务的定义,你对任务不满可以重新做定义,但做了定义就必须让机构(人)按照定义做事,否则一切都没规矩,一切都做不成。孔子另一句名言:“君君、臣臣、父父、子子”也是这个意思。

按照孔子的逻辑,要解决经济模型的问题,首先要搞清楚各个机构真正的“名分”,看看他们是否按照这个“名分”做事。银行的“名分”是什么?

银行——顾名思义是经营银钱的行当,是用钱生钱,追求钱越来越多的行业。从古代直到19世纪金本位时代,这个“钱”的确意味着金银贵金属。银行是真正的“银”行。是为了聚敛货币不择手段的纯企业。在金矿和社会财富都不可能持续增加的世界上,借投机放高利贷是银行做大的重要手段,是银行的“本分”。

不过,现在是信用货币时代。前面已经清楚地定义了这个时代的“钱”——为了顺应工业发展的需要,由中央银行发行的交易工具。即“钱”已经不是“银钱”了,而是新出现的工业经济的润滑油,是用不断增长的工业资产抵押出来的纸片。这意味着银行的“名分”变了,功能和权力都必须随着改变。

当然,今天的银行还是企业,目标还是赚更多的钱。这一点是不变的,但既然“钱”的增长,根源不在金矿,不在投机,而在于工业经济的指数扩张,那么银行的“本分”就不应该是简单地追逐高回报,而是应该把资金投向工业经济,保障工业经济的指数增长。这样央行才有足够的理由制造货币,商业银行才有长久的利润。做人不能忘本,银行在信用货币时代快乐地赚钱,要是忘了“工业”这个“本”,那早晚会被泡沫炸的人仰马翻。

这个问题直观地理解,就是大楼不会生出别墅,黄花梨的桌子不能生出红木板凳,但组成完整体系的工厂和研究所可以制造更多的工厂和研究所——当然还可以制造我们需要的大部分商品。要是房产泡沫把太高比例的钢铁、人力吸纳去搞楼盘,而不是修新的工厂,那经济增长率迟早会下降。所以,既然信用货币不增长就要出问题,银行就不该放纵资金去炒楼盘、炒红木,因为这些业务无助于实际财富的增长,从长期看也无法支持信用货币的增长。信用货币不增长,一切金融操作都是久赌必输的零和游戏。

不过,凡事说来容易做来难。如果央行简单地下一道命令“原则上只给工业经济贷款”就能解决问题。泡沫经济早就被消灭了。“工业经济”是个很宽泛的定义,里面既包括机床厂、重化工业,电子研究所等核心产业,也包括玩具厂、装修队、物业公司等外围配套产业。甚至最近被热炒的普洱茶、大蒜乃至墓地,严格来说也不是完全和工业经济没关系。比如说煤老板有闲钱去炒墓地,声称自己是因为煤矿死亡率高才预购墓地,你能说他完全没道理么?

工业革命爆发已经两个多世纪,整个人类社会已经被现代工业完全改造过一遍。非要给某个行业安一个“工业”概念,在这个策划公司满街走、咨询企业不如狗的年代简直太容易了。


所以,具有可操作性,也符合工业经济逻辑的金融操作方案必然是一个量化的复杂规划,根据技术升级路线、产业链配合和资源现状,对各行业、各地区乃至各企业做出具体的融资指导意见,规定银行能自行操作的融资空间。而且还要根据最新的形势随时调整。很显然,银行既不愿意给自己带上这样一幅枷锁,也没有制定这种规划的能力。虽然银行里也有识数的人,他们也会看数字,也会分析企业前景,但如果企业自己都没有全面的产业规划视角,怎么能指望完全不懂工业技术的银行(央行)懂呢?这可不是雇几个化工、电子专业的大学生,请两个咨询公司就能补上的课。

既然没法做细致的规划,央行的手段就只剩下收放钱了,要么全面放,要么全面收,结果往往是在投机繁荣和通缩萧条之间摇摆,屡屡造成巨大损失。最大的摇摆甚至能把美国这样的世界霸主忽悠瘸了。眼看中国也从四万亿走向钱荒,咋办?

7 工业总参谋部

既然金融业乃至央行自己也管不了这事,那正确的思路就是不让他们管,另请高明。产业规划涉及到外交战略、人口迁移、社保配套等许多只有国家才能控制的领域,甚至可以直接被视为国家战略的主体。这样的规划本来也不是一个银行——哪怕是央行能控制的事情,必须由中央政府亲自操盘才可能做好。

当然,眼前的中央政府有发改委、国资委两个部级单位,但实际上一个主要功能是审查企业提出的计划,一个基本只负责基本的行政管理,完全没有全面掌握产业信息(具体到骨干企业),指导整个工业体系升级的能力。更不可能要求总理挂帅的金融工委、政协副主席领衔的央行配合自己。至于地方发改委,已经完全蜕变成为项目补手续的盖章机构,能在项目上马前看看可行性研究已经算有面子了。在这样的体制下,指望不出泡沫和“钱荒”,真的很难。

看到这里,有些读者估计已经明白了——你不就是想要个国家计委么!而且还是高岗主席(当时计委领导不称主任,称主席)以国家副主席身份管经济、把周恩来都挤到一边管外交时期的计委。这是反攻倒算,走历史回头路啊!

扭过头看看历史,1954年之前,高岗时期的中国,和今天的中国还真的有几分相似。当时的中国,完成了土改,顶住了联合国军,挫败了台湾国民党军反攻,算是立国已稳,要开始搞建设了。但是,纵观世界,美国和西欧是敌人,日本是附庸,斯大林的苏联还在战后恢复,犹犹豫豫要不要给中国大投入,几乎所有的工业国暂时都指望不上,甚至和中国没有足够的贸易联系,中国只能靠自己来搞工业,自己设计所有的工业门类。所以,必须由一个绝对集权的计委来统筹,把所有能搞工业的资源、人力乃至政策抓到中央政府手里,设计一条和任何国家不同的路。

高岗自杀后的1955年,赫鲁晓夫的苏联送来了156项工程,中国开始了照搬苏联经验的时代。即便到中苏关系破裂后好多年,中国经济建设的重点依然是消化和复制苏援工业,搞了近20年才吃透。等到了70年代中期,从苏援项目复制出来的工厂也开始正常生产,中国又开始和美国、日本联手对付苏联,开始从西方引进项目,吸纳贷款,复制西方的工业。90年代后苏联解体,学西方的路本来开始难走了,但欧美这时也开始去工业化,需要中国的廉价商品,允许中国“入世”,继续向中国开放市场,转移生产力。

总而言之,从高岗自杀到金融危机这几十年,中国走的是跟进路线,眼前总有一个成型的工业国当榜样(或是教训)。或是苏联,或是日本,或是美国。这样的发展路线,产业政策的确可以相对弱一些——抄就是了。银行也好,政府也罢,都可以照猫画虎地调配资源,虽然免不了波动,但总不至于出致命大错。不会被哪个超级泡沫一家伙炸死。所以计委先是被弱化,权力大幅度地向地方政府分散,然后被拆成计委和经委,又变成发展计划委员会,最后变成了今天的发改委。但这并没有给中国经济带来致命伤害。



Previous article:
11.17 (11 years ago)

Next article:
要问钱怎么没的 先说钱怎么来的——钱荒时评 5 (11 years ago)

ESim
or
Register for free:
Only letters, numbers, underscore and space are allowed (A-Z,a-z,0-9,_,' ')
Show more

By clicking 'Sign Up!', you agree to the Rules and that you have read the Privacy Policy.

About the game:


USA as a world power? In E-Sim it is possible!

In E-Sim we have a huge, living world, which is a mirror copy of the Earth. Well, maybe not completely mirrored, because the balance of power in this virtual world looks a bit different than in real life. In E-Sim, USA does not have to be a world superpower, It can be efficiently managed as a much smaller country that has entrepreneurial citizens that support it's foundation. Everything depends on the players themselves and how they decide to shape the political map of the game.

Work for the good of your country and see it rise to an empire.

Activities in this game are divided into several modules. First is the economy as a citizen in a country of your choice you must work to earn money, which you will get to spend for example, on food or purchase of weapons which are critical for your progress as a fighter. You will work in either private companies which are owned by players or government companies which are owned by the state. After progressing in the game you will finally get the opportunity to set up your own business and hire other players. If it prospers, we can even change it into a joint-stock company and enter the stock market and get even more money in this way.


In E-Sim, international wars are nothing out of the ordinary.

"E-Sim is one of the most unique browser games out there"

Become an influential politician.

The second module is a politics. Just like in real life politics in E-Sim are an extremely powerful tool that can be used for your own purposes. From time to time there are elections in the game in which you will not only vote, but also have the ability to run for the head of the party you're in. You can also apply for congress, where once elected you will be given the right to vote on laws proposed by your fellow congress members or your president and propose laws yourself. Voting on laws is important for your country as it can shape the lives of those around you. You can also try to become the head of a given party, and even take part in presidential elections and decide on the shape of the foreign policy of a given state (for example, who to declare war on). Career in politics is obviously not easy and in order to succeed in it, you have to have a good plan and compete for the votes of voters.


You can go bankrupt or become a rich man while playing the stock market.

The international war.

The last and probably the most important module is military. In E-Sim, countries are constantly fighting each other for control over territories which in return grant them access to more valuable raw materials. For this purpose, they form alliances, they fight international wars, but they also have to deal with, for example, uprisings in conquered countries or civil wars, which may explode on their territory. You can also take part in these clashes, although you are also given the opportunity to lead a life as a pacifist who focuses on other activities in the game (for example, running a successful newspaper or selling products).


At the auction you can sell or buy your dream inventory.

E-Sim is a unique browser game. It's creators ensured realistic representation of the mechanisms present in the real world and gave all power to the players who shape the image of the virtual Earth according to their own. So come and join them and help your country achieve its full potential.


Invest, produce and sell - be an entrepreneur in E-Sim.


Take part in numerous events for the E-Sim community.


| Terms of Service | Privacy policy | Support | Alpha | Luxia | Primera | Secura | Suna | Vexa | Vara | e-Sim: Countryballs Country Game
PLAY ON