Login:
Password:

Forgot password Register

Article


4
   
Report


政治体制失败

政治体制似乎和经济体制一样失败。鉴于世界各地年轻人的高失业率——西班牙将近50%、美国将近18%,也许令人感到诧异的不是最终爆发了抗议活动,而是为什么过了这么久才爆发。失业的人们,包括那些读书刻苦、做事循规蹈矩的(就像某些政客所惯于说的“规规矩矩行事”)年轻人,面临着一个严酷的选择:要么保持失业,要么接受一份远远低于他们水平的工作。很多时候甚至连选择都没有:因为压根儿就没有工作可干,而且持续好几年。

对于为何过了这么久才爆发大规模抗议活动的一种解释是,在经济危机开始之初,人们对民主仍存有希望,相信政治体制能发挥作用,能把那些造成危机的家伙绳之以法并迅速修复经济体制。但是泡沫破裂多年以后,人们才逐渐认清我们的政治体制失败了,因为它没能阻止危机爆发、没能控制不断增长的不平等、没能保护身处社会底层的人们、没能阻止公司的胡作非为。认清这些之后,抗议者才走向街头。

美国、欧洲和世界其他民主国家的人们都以自己的民主制度为骄傲。但抗议者对是否有真正的民主提出了质疑。真正的民主不仅仅是每隔两年或四年有一次投票选举的权利,民众选举必须要有意义,政客们必须要倾听选民的意见。但越来越多的情况(尤其在美国)中政治体制似乎更倾向于“一美元一票”而不是“一人一票”。因此,政治体制不但没有纠正市场的失败反而强化了这些失败。

政客们虽然在演说中指出我们的价值观和社会都出了问题,但随后他们还是任命那些曾在市场体制严重失败过程中执掌金融机构的CEO和其他企业高管担任政府要职。我们本不应该期望并不成功的体制的设计者能够重建该体制使之奏效,尤其是对大多数公民奏效——果然这些设计者们失败了。

政治失败和经济失败是相关的,它们彼此相互强化。一种放大了富人意见的政治体制会提供充分的机会制定并执行相应的法律法规,这些法律法规的设计不仅不能保护普通公民免受富人的剥削,而且会进一步以社会其他人的利益为代价使富人更富。
上述事实引出了本书的核心论点之一:尽管也许有潜在的经济力量在起作用,但是政治塑造了市场,并且是以社会其他人利益为代价、以有利于社会上层群体的方式塑造了市场。任何一个经济体制都必须有规则和规章,必须在一个法律框架中运行。有很多种不同的法律框架,每一种框架对于增长、效率、稳定以及分配都有重要影响。经济精英们推出了一种有利于他们自己却无益于他人的法律框架,但是在这种框架下的经济体制既无效率也不公平。我将解释这种不平等是如何反映在我们作为一个国家所做的每一个重要决策中——从我们的预算到我们的货币政策甚至到我们的司法体系。我也将表明这些决策本身是如何加剧了这种不平等。

对金钱利益集团如此敏感的政治体制就难免受到影响。日益加剧的经济不平等造成了政治权力的日益失衡,于是政治与经济之间形成了一种恶性关系。二者共同塑造着包括社会习俗和制度在内的社会力量,同时也被这些社会力量塑造着。社会习俗和制度强化了这种日益严重的不平等。

抗议者所要求的和他们所实现的

也许相比大多数政客而言,抗议者更能抓住问题的实质。一方面,他们要的如此之少:一个能发挥自己技能的机会,一份能挣得体面工资的工作权利,一个较为公平的、能对他们施以礼遇的经济和社会。在欧洲和美国,抗议者的要求不是革命式的而是演进式的。另一方面,他们要的也很多:一种注重人而非金钱的民主制度,一种能兑现诺言的市场经济。这两个要求是相关的:不受约束的市场无法良好运行,这点我们已经看到了。为了让市场以应有的方式运行,就必须有适当的政府调控,而要有适当的政府调控,我们就必须有一种能反映普遍利益而非特殊利益或上层利益的民主制度。

抗议者被批判为盲目行事,但这种批判忽略了抗议运动的意义所在。这些抗议运动其实是对政治体制感到沮丧的表达,甚至是对有选举制国家的选举过程感到沮丧的表达。它们给当政者敲响了警钟。

抗议者在某些方面取得了很大成绩:智囊团、政府机构和媒体都证实了抗议者指控的合理性——不仅市场体系出了问题,高度难以理喻的不平等更是出了问题。“我们是那99%”这一口号已经渗透到民众意识当中。没有人能确定抗议运动会走向何方。但是有一点我们是可以肯定的:这些年轻抗议者已经改变了公共话语以及普通公民和政客的意识。

结语

在突尼斯和埃及爆发抗议运动之后的几个星期,我写下了下面这段文字(作为我发表在《名利场》杂志那篇文章的初稿):
当我们凝视着大街上那高涨的民众热情时,我们不禁自问:这场运动何时会蔓延到美国?在很多重要方面,我们自己的国家已变得很像这些遥远的、陷入困境的地方了。尤其是那施加于几乎所有事物的桎梏,施加者是社会顶层的极少数人——也就是人口中那最富有的1%群体。

不出几个月的时间,这些抗议运动就蔓延到了美国。

本书试图深度阐释发生在美国的一个方面——我们是如何变成了一个如此不公平的、机会越来越少的社会,这种不公平的后果可能是什么。

我今日所描述的景象有些黯淡:我们才刚刚开始了解我们国家偏离了初衷有多远。不过仍然还有希望。还有其他备选框架能更好地服务于整体经济,最重要的是,能更好地服务于广大公民。这种备选框架的一部分要求市场与政府之间有一种更好的平衡,这种观点得到现代经济理论和历史证据的同时支持,对此我稍后将加以解释。在这些备选框架中,政府承担的一项角色是收入再分配,尤其是当市场过程的结果大相径庭的时候。

批判收入再分配的人有时会说再分配的成本过高。他们声称抑制因素过多,穷人和中间层人士的所得远不能弥补上层人士的所失。右翼人士经常争论道,我们本可以有更多的平等,但必须以经济增长放慢和GDP降低为代价。正如我将显示的,实际情况恰恰相反:我们的现有体制一直不断地把财富从社会底层和中层转移到上层,但这种体制效率太低,以至于上层的所得远远少于中层和底层的所失。实际上,我们为日益加剧和超大规模的不平等付出了高昂代价:不仅是增长放慢和GDP降低,甚至还有更多的不稳定。这还不包括我们付出的其他代价:被削弱了的民主制度,降低了的公平和正义感,甚至还有我先前提到的对民族认同感的质疑。

Previous article:
11.15 (11 years ago)

Next article:
斯蒂格利茨:微不足道的要求与完全不公的世界4 (11 years ago)

ESim
or
Register for free:
Only letters, numbers, underscore and space are allowed (A-Z,a-z,0-9,_,' ')
Show more

By clicking 'Sign Up!', you agree to the Rules and that you have read the Privacy Policy.

About the game:


USA as a world power? In E-Sim it is possible!

In E-Sim we have a huge, living world, which is a mirror copy of the Earth. Well, maybe not completely mirrored, because the balance of power in this virtual world looks a bit different than in real life. In E-Sim, USA does not have to be a world superpower, It can be efficiently managed as a much smaller country that has entrepreneurial citizens that support it's foundation. Everything depends on the players themselves and how they decide to shape the political map of the game.

Work for the good of your country and see it rise to an empire.

Activities in this game are divided into several modules. First is the economy as a citizen in a country of your choice you must work to earn money, which you will get to spend for example, on food or purchase of weapons which are critical for your progress as a fighter. You will work in either private companies which are owned by players or government companies which are owned by the state. After progressing in the game you will finally get the opportunity to set up your own business and hire other players. If it prospers, we can even change it into a joint-stock company and enter the stock market and get even more money in this way.


In E-Sim, international wars are nothing out of the ordinary.

"E-Sim is one of the most unique browser games out there"

Become an influential politician.

The second module is a politics. Just like in real life politics in E-Sim are an extremely powerful tool that can be used for your own purposes. From time to time there are elections in the game in which you will not only vote, but also have the ability to run for the head of the party you're in. You can also apply for congress, where once elected you will be given the right to vote on laws proposed by your fellow congress members or your president and propose laws yourself. Voting on laws is important for your country as it can shape the lives of those around you. You can also try to become the head of a given party, and even take part in presidential elections and decide on the shape of the foreign policy of a given state (for example, who to declare war on). Career in politics is obviously not easy and in order to succeed in it, you have to have a good plan and compete for the votes of voters.


You can go bankrupt or become a rich man while playing the stock market.

The international war.

The last and probably the most important module is military. In E-Sim, countries are constantly fighting each other for control over territories which in return grant them access to more valuable raw materials. For this purpose, they form alliances, they fight international wars, but they also have to deal with, for example, uprisings in conquered countries or civil wars, which may explode on their territory. You can also take part in these clashes, although you are also given the opportunity to lead a life as a pacifist who focuses on other activities in the game (for example, running a successful newspaper or selling products).


At the auction you can sell or buy your dream inventory.

E-Sim is a unique browser game. It's creators ensured realistic representation of the mechanisms present in the real world and gave all power to the players who shape the image of the virtual Earth according to their own. So come and join them and help your country achieve its full potential.


Invest, produce and sell - be an entrepreneur in E-Sim.


Take part in numerous events for the E-Sim community.


| Terms of Service | Privacy policy | Support | Alpha | Luxia | Primera | Secura | Suna | Vexa | Vara | e-Sim: Countryballs Country Game
PLAY ON