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以色列国建立于1948年,是世界上唯一以犹太人为主体的国家。

“以色列”一词为希伯来语,意为“与神角力者”,是以撒的次子雅各与天使摔跤后,被神赐名为以色列,为以色列十二支派的始祖。记载在《创世纪33章:18-20节》。“以色列”最初是指一个民族而非地名,在过去3000年的历史中,犹太人视以色列地为自己的民族和精神生活的核心,称之为“圣地”或“应许之地”。

从公元前1050年开始,一系列的犹太人王朝在这一地区存在了414年,后经历过亚述、巴比伦、波斯、希腊、罗马、拜占廷等古国的统治,犹太人在这一地区逐渐衰落并遭驱逐。在132年的大起义失败后,罗马帝国将犹太人驱逐出这一地区,将地名改为“叙利亚-巴勒斯坦”。虽然如此,千年来小部分犹太人一直留在巴勒斯坦,但主要的犹太人口从以色列南部移至了北部、或其他大陆。公元638年,穆斯林从拜占廷帝国夺取了该地区的控制权,之后数千年数个穆斯林国家统治过这个地区,接着在1517年成为奥斯曼帝国一个省份。

数个世纪以来,流亡海外的犹太人一直试图返回以色列。18世纪便有数波小型的回归潮,第一次大规模的回归浪潮则始于1881年,散居在世界其他地区的犹太人来到巴勒斯坦。犹太人从奥斯曼帝国和阿拉伯人手中购买土地并且定居。随着犹太居民的增多,他们与阿拉伯人之间的关系也日趋紧张。1896年,犹太人在东欧受种种迫害,维也纳记者和剧作家西奥多·赫茨尔发起锡安主义运动(又称“犹太复国主义运动”),号召全世界犹太人回归故土,恢复本民族的生活方式。两次世界大战之后,巴勒斯坦地区已经有60万犹太居民。

早期的以色列历史基本上是一部流亡史,中期则又是充满血泪的复国史,到了现在则是纷扰不断的斗争史。如果要说有哪个民族最居安思危,又或者说是无安可居,要说有哪个民族最寸土必争,大概非犹太人莫属。一个流浪的民族,更懂得家的珍贵。


以色列女兵


张平,是第一个在以色列完成人文类博士学位的中国人(2000年,特拉维夫大学,比较哲学,拉比犹太教与儒家思想),是第一个在以色列获得终身教授职位的中国人(2003年,特拉维夫大学东亚学系),是第一批以杰出人才身份获得以色列国永久定居权的10名外国人之一(2004)至今已定居近10年 。今日摘引其《兴邦吾土,自由吾民!——以色列国五十九年》一文,看看他笔下的以色列历史剪影。

* 在以色列国建国五十九周年之际,《国土报》专号独家披露了1967年5月美国对以色列进行军事打击的绝密计划。按照该计划,在以色列发动战争,攻入阿拉伯 国家的情况下,美国“打击司令部”(现“中央司令部”的前身)将出兵进行军事干预,用一切手段阻止以军的进攻,包括对进军中的以军装甲部队实施空中打击。 该计划体现了当时美国政府力图在中东保持“神圣的不偏不倚”的政策的努力。然而进展神速的以军在闪击阿拉伯各国的同时也打了美国一个措手不及——当时美军 的最快反应速度是四天,而战争在六小时内就定下胜负,六天便宣告结束,美国只好放弃该计划,接受中东新现实。

* 2006 年,“捷克军援以色列展览”在布拉格的军事博物馆展出,这次展览向人们披露了鲜为人知的历史事实: 两国在1948年1月签署军火协议,按照协议,捷克向以色列提供五万支步枪(捷克步枪天下驰名,这批步枪后来在以色列军中服役近三十年),六千挺机枪,九千万发子弹,二十五架战斗机(后来又增加了五十六架)。更重要的是,捷克用自己的空军基地为以色列培训了第一代战斗机飞行员和飞行技师,那支后来令以色列 人骄傲的空军最初是在共产主义者的军校,而不是美国的军校里成长起来的。

* 从根本上说,以色列国的存在符合任何一个不愿意看到中东地区出现单一民族势力坐大的国家的利益,所以以色列只要存在,就不愁没人支持。美国不支持有苏联支持,苏联不支持有法国支持,法国不支持有美国支持,而如果今天美国停止对以色列的 支持的话,明天那些跟美国对着干的国家就会把导弹运进以色列。从这一点上说,本•古里安的远见卓识的确让人叹服。


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【每日读报】- 2014·10·27
1、军费绩效管理与徐才厚案有关;中央军委发文件要求每一分军费用在刀刃上;(新京报)
2、三家电网拆分成本轮电改目标;(南方都市报)
3、李嘉诚等港商齐表态反对占中;(新华网)
4、中消协建议明确航班延误赔偿;(中国广播网)
5、英美撤离阿富汗,终结13年战事;美军约有10万人驻兵,英军12年中453人身亡;(中国日报网)
6、大陆破获台湾策反案近40起;涉大陆15个省市;鼓动大学生回大陆报考党政机关;(环球时报-环球网)
7、西安执业药师考试2440人作弊;团伙通过无线发射台向考生传答案,考生成绩将取消;(央视)
8、西南最大投资公司突然倒闭;成立仅1年,24亿人间蒸发;宣称投资回报率最高16%;(老虎财经)
9、多地干部进培训班突击花预算;学费可达10万,多老领导授课;超预算发票可开餐费;(新京报)
10、中国钢铁白菜价转向出口惹议;外媒指此举干扰了世界市场价格;(参考消息网)
11、深圳一丈夫卷走白血病妻19万医疗费捐款;(人民日报)
12、〖特刊〗
我们把一个不真实的自我呈现在别人面前,并以为这才是可爱的,才是有价值的。而那个真实的自我,则是上不得台面的残次品,是应该被掩藏和遮盖的。
  这就是自我形象的分裂。我们不喜欢真实的自我,我们把一个乔装打扮的“假我”拿给大家看。当这个“假我”被人欢迎和夸赞的时。另外一方面,我们的自卑加重了,我们知道外界的评价都是给予那个不存在的“我”,真实的我反倒像灰姑娘一样,躲在角落里拣煤渣。
  长久下去,我们就变成了一个分裂的人。
当你企图在两个不同的自我之间游走时,你在生活中的形象就变得复杂混乱,你面临的形势也更加琢磨不透,甚至你的身体也无所适从了。
(毕淑敏 《不要总想表现得比实际情况要好》 )

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USA as a world power? In E-Sim it is possible!

In E-Sim we have a huge, living world, which is a mirror copy of the Earth. Well, maybe not completely mirrored, because the balance of power in this virtual world looks a bit different than in real life. In E-Sim, USA does not have to be a world superpower, It can be efficiently managed as a much smaller country that has entrepreneurial citizens that support it's foundation. Everything depends on the players themselves and how they decide to shape the political map of the game.

Work for the good of your country and see it rise to an empire.

Activities in this game are divided into several modules. First is the economy as a citizen in a country of your choice you must work to earn money, which you will get to spend for example, on food or purchase of weapons which are critical for your progress as a fighter. You will work in either private companies which are owned by players or government companies which are owned by the state. After progressing in the game you will finally get the opportunity to set up your own business and hire other players. If it prospers, we can even change it into a joint-stock company and enter the stock market and get even more money in this way.


In E-Sim, international wars are nothing out of the ordinary.

"E-Sim is one of the most unique browser games out there"

Become an influential politician.

The second module is a politics. Just like in real life politics in E-Sim are an extremely powerful tool that can be used for your own purposes. From time to time there are elections in the game in which you will not only vote, but also have the ability to run for the head of the party you're in. You can also apply for congress, where once elected you will be given the right to vote on laws proposed by your fellow congress members or your president and propose laws yourself. Voting on laws is important for your country as it can shape the lives of those around you. You can also try to become the head of a given party, and even take part in presidential elections and decide on the shape of the foreign policy of a given state (for example, who to declare war on). Career in politics is obviously not easy and in order to succeed in it, you have to have a good plan and compete for the votes of voters.


You can go bankrupt or become a rich man while playing the stock market.

The international war.

The last and probably the most important module is military. In E-Sim, countries are constantly fighting each other for control over territories which in return grant them access to more valuable raw materials. For this purpose, they form alliances, they fight international wars, but they also have to deal with, for example, uprisings in conquered countries or civil wars, which may explode on their territory. You can also take part in these clashes, although you are also given the opportunity to lead a life as a pacifist who focuses on other activities in the game (for example, running a successful newspaper or selling products).


At the auction you can sell or buy your dream inventory.

E-Sim is a unique browser game. It's creators ensured realistic representation of the mechanisms present in the real world and gave all power to the players who shape the image of the virtual Earth according to their own. So come and join them and help your country achieve its full potential.


Invest, produce and sell - be an entrepreneur in E-Sim.


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