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Bonjour à toi lecteur, Science et Vie va enrichir encore une fois ta culture scientifique !
Good evening to you reader, this newspaper is a scientific newspaper for your science education
Au sommaire de cet article:
-Chimie/Chimistry
-Météorologie/Meteorology
-Neurologie/Neurology
-Matériau/Material
On voit enfin les liaisons atomiques !
Grâce à un microscope à force atomique, une équipe du centre de recherche d'IBM à Zurich (suisse) est parvenue à voir le nuage d'électrons de quelque 0,1 nanomètre (1 nm=10^-9 mètres) qui lie deux atomes entre eux au sein d'une molécule d'hydrocarbure, et m^me à le mesurer, distinguant ainsi les simples, oublis, et triples liaisons. Sur cette image nous voyons distinctement les liaisons ! Pour réussir cela, les chercheurs ont affublé leu microscope à force atomique d'une pointe en monoxyde de carbone. Oscillant sous l'effet des charges des électrons qui lient les atomes d'une molécule d'hydrocarbure entre eux, la pointe a joué le rôle d'un amplificateur, dévoilant avec précision la longueur de la liaison chimique de 0,003 nanomètre près, soit le dixième millionième de l'épaisseur d'un cheveu.
Finally we see the atomic bonds!
Thanks to atomic force microscope, a team from IBM Research Center in Zurich (Switzerland) came to see the cloud of electrons about 0.1 nanometers (1 nm = 10 ^ -9 meters) that binds two between atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule, and m ^ me to measure, thereby distinguishing between simple forgetfulness, and triple bonds. In this picture we see clearly the links! To achieve this, the researchers tricked leu atomic force microscope tip with a carbon monoxide. Oscillating under the influence charges electrons bind atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule between them, played the leading role of an amplifier, revealing precisely the chemical bond length of 0.003 nanometer, or the tenth millionth the thickness of a human hair.
Détruire la forêt assèche l'amazonie.
L'avenir de l'Amazonie s'annonce sec. D'ici à 2050, la région pourrait en effet recevoir 12% de pluies en moins lors de la saison sèche, et jusqu'à 21% en saison humide. Une situation comparable à la grande sécheresse qui avait frappé l'Amazonie ne 2010. En cause : non pas les changements climatiques, mais plutôt la disparition massive de la forêt tropicale humide au profit de cultures et de prairies. En effet, une part importante de l'humidité de l'air à l'origine des précipitations provient de l'évaporation des sols et de la transpiration des plantes. En s'appuyant sur des données satellitaires et des modèles atmosphérique, les chercheurs ont démontré que les masses d'air passant au-dessus d'une végétation dense produisaient ensuite deux fois plus de pluies que celles survolant des zones clairsemées. Si la déforestation se poursuit au rythme actuel, 40% du massif amazonien aura disparu en 2050, et le déficit en pluies aura des conséquences négative pour la forêt, mis aussi pour l'agriculture et la production hydroélectrique. Une raison de plus pour limiter la destruction de la forêt amazonienne
Destroy the forest dries Amazon.
The future of the Amazon looks dry. By 2050, the region could indeed receive 12% less rainfall during the dry season, and up to 21% in the wet season. A situation comparable to the severe drought that struck the Amazon in 2010. The reason: not climate change, but rather the massive disappearance of rainforest to crops and pastures. Indeed, a large part of the moisture in the air causing the precipitation comes from soil evaporation and plant transpiration. Based on satellite data and atmospheric models, researchers have shown that air masses passing over dense vegetation produced then twice more rain than flying over sparse areas. If deforestation continues at current rates, 40% of the massive Amazon will be gone by 2050, and the deficit in rainfall have negative consequences for the forest, put also for agriculture and hydropower. One more reason to limit the destruction of the Amazon rainforest
Être isolé en bas âge nuit au câblage cérébral.
Les interactions sociales des premières années s'avèrent plus cruciales encore qu'attendu pour la maturation du cerveau. Une étude réalisée sur des rongeurs par des neurosciences de Havard met en lumière des anomalies irréversibles dans les gagnage des fibres nerveuses. Comparées à une fratrie restée en groupe, de jeunes souris isolées pendant deux semaine à partir de leur sevrage adoptent un comportement peu sociable lorsqu'elles sont remises en présence d 'un congénère. Elles présentent en outre des capacités d'apprentissage réduites. Or, dans certaines régions de leur cerveau, les neurones ne sont pas bien enveloppés par la myéline, une substance isolante qui permet une transmission rapide des signaux nerveux. L'explication moléculaire:l'isolement freinerait l'expression de deux gènes importants pour la maturation des cellules qui constituent la myéline. Constat plus troublant encore: même si l'on remet définitivement les souris dans des conditions normales après ces deux semaines de solitude, le câblage de leur cerveau reste incomplet et elles n'adopteront jamais un comportement normal.
Be isolated in low wiring brain aging night.
Social interactions early years are more critical still expected for brain maturation. A study on rodents by Havard neuroscience reveals abnormalities in foraging irreversible nerve fibers. Compared to siblings remained in a group of young mice isolated for two weeks from weaning behave very sociable when they are delivered in the presence of a conspecific. They also have reduced learning capacity. However, in some regions of the brain, neurons are not well wrapped by myelin, an insulating substance that allows rapid transmission of nerve signals. The molecular explanation: isolation dampen the expression of two genes important for the maturation of the cells that constitute myelin. Even more troubling observation: although it definitely puts mice in normal conditions after two weeks of solitude, the wiring of their brain is still incomplete and they will never adopt a normal behavior.
Une"éponge chimique" peut extraire l'uranium des mers.
Extraire de l'uranium directement dans l'eau des océans pourrait bientôt devenir une réalité. Des chercheurs américains auraient en effet résolu le problème de son extraction. Jusqu'à pèsent,la très faible concentration de cet uranium -environs 3,2 microgrammes par litre- rendait le coût de ce type d'opération trop élevé, malgré un fort potentiel de ressources: il y aurait près de 4,5 tonnes d'uranium naturel dans les océans, qui pourraient alimenter les centrales nucléaires pendant des siècles ! Nommé HiCap, le matériau développé par les scientifiques serait capable d'extraire de cinq à sept fois plus d'uranium, et sept fois plus vite que les meilleurs absorbants actuels au monde. De petit diamètre, le HiCap est constitué de fibres de polyéthylène de grande superficie, tappissées avec des composés chimiques ayant une grande affinité avec l'uranium. Le combustible nucléaire est ensuite récupéré grâce à une dilution dans de l'acide et l'absorbant peut être régénéré grâce à un simple lavage à la potasse. Plus économique, de grande capacité et réutilisable, cette "éponge" à uranium est peut-être une solution viable au problème de pénurie d'uranium terrestre qui se profil dangereusement.
A "chemical sponge" can extract uranium from sea.
Extract uranium directly into the oceans could soon become a reality. U.S. researchers have indeed solved the problem of extraction. To weigh the very low concentration of this uranium around 3.2 micrograms per liter, made ​​the cost of this type of operation is too high, despite high resource potential: there are around 4.5 tonnes of natural uranium in the oceans, which could fuel nuclear power plants for centuries! Named HiCap, the material developed by scientists would be able to extract five to seven times more uranium, and seven times faster than the current world best absorbent. Small diameter, is made of the HiCap polyethylene fibers of large area, with tappissées chemical compounds having a high affinity with the uranium. Nuclear fuel is then recovered with a dilution of the acid and the absorbent can be regenerated by simply washing with potash. More economical, roomy and reusable, this "sponge" uranium may be a viable solution to the problem of land shortage which uranium profile dangerously.
Nuage électronique/clouds of electrons:Ensemble des positions que peut avoir les électrons autour du noyrau de l'atome./All positions can have electrons around the nucleus of an atom
myéline/insulating:Gaine enveloppant les fibres nerveuse./Sheath surrounding nerve fibers
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