Esim - 春节的习俗与禁忌
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春节是迄今为止流传历史最久、流传地域最广、过节人数最多的中国节日。它是名副其实的中华民族第一大节,也是最具世界影响的重大节日。春节节俗丰富、生动,充满了人性伦理之美、情感之美、艺术和智慧之美。

“小孩小孩你别馋,过了腊八就是年。”按照年节顺序来说,首先的春节习俗必是腊八。一首童谣便拉开了年节的序幕。腊八这一天,人们要吃节令食物腊八粥,因此又有“报信儿的腊八粥”之说。腊八节是上古时代最重要的年终祭祀日——腊日的前身,那时的腊日相当于现在中国人的大年。而腊八粥还与佛教有着重要联系,相传腊八这天佛祖成道,其弟子为纪念并感牧羊女舍粥救佛祖之恩,特熬此粥以供佛祖。因而如今寺庙的腊八粥又被称为“佛粥”,但实际上腊八食粥并不仅是受到佛教的影响,古时就有冬至以粥祭神的习俗。

“腊八粥,喝几天, 哩哩啦啦二十三。”腊八过了就是小年,小年在北方是腊月二十三,南方是腊月二十四。“二十三,糖瓜粘”,说的便是传统小年的祭灶习俗。灶神俗称灶王爷、司命等,是中国民间特别崇奉的神灵。这一天,为防灶王爷上天告状,特意将糖瓜糊口,“粘其口,甜其心”,寓意上达天听时说的全是甜言蜜语。“二十四,扫房子”,送走灶王爷,人们该清扫、洗涮,干干净净的迎接新年的到来了。平时人们对于屋内清扫是十分的小心谨慎,唯恐触犯到神灵,而今在送走灶神后却是百无禁忌,甚至连黄历都不用看。“二十五,磨豆腐”,自此进入了年节食物的准备阶段。磨豆腐过年是传统社会年节的民俗项目,做豆腐干、豆腐丝、豆腐圆子等。豆腐谐音“兜福”,闽南人称豆腐干为豆干,谐音“大官”。当然也有其他的年节食物,如年糕,意味年年俱高,祈求一年更比一年好。之后依然是食物为先,“二十六,炖白肉;二十七,宰公鸡;二十八,把面发;二十九,蒸馒头;三十晚上熬一宿,大年初一去拜年:您新禧,您多礼,一手的面不搀你,到家给你父母道个喜!”直至除夕与初一,这两日是年节中最重要的日子,由此也出现了中国年俗中最重要的习俗与禁忌。

正月初一不动扫帚、不倒垃圾,否则会扫走运气、破财。若非扫不可,则须从外扫向里。备一大桶盛废水,当日不外泼。新年要说吉祥话,即便打碎家具也得快说声“岁(碎)岁平安”或“落地开花,富贵荣华”等。初二迎婿日,出嫁的女儿会带着丈夫及儿女回娘家拜年。初三又称赤狗日,与“赤口”同音,通常不会外出拜年。初四祭财神,不宜远出。初五是破五,春节期间有许多规矩和禁忌到了这一天全都打破了,所以称“破五”。这天吃饺子,送穷神(“智穷、学穷、文穷、命穷、交穷”),接财神。初六商家开市,每家每户要把节日积存的垃圾扔出去,这叫送穷鬼。初七人胜节,是人的生日。人日要尊敬每一个人,连官府也不能在这一天处决罪犯,家长也不能在这一天教训孩子。初八谷日,如果这天天气晴朗,则预示这一年稻谷丰收,天阴则年歉。初九玉皇大帝生日,要举行盛大的祭天活动。初十地生日,又是石头节,为石头神生日。当日民间忌动石器,不搬石头。十一“子婿日”,是岳父宴请女婿的日子。十二搭灯棚,十三人开灯,十四灯正明,十五行月半(元宵节),十六人完灯。除此之外,部分地区仍有正月里不动针线(怕扎了龙王眼,惹龙王不高兴)、正月不剃头(正月剃头死舅舅,需等二月二那天才可理发)等习俗,当然这只是一些旧俗禁忌,仅为表达人们对于习俗、神灵的一种敬畏之心,并无事实根据。




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