Article
为什么会出现这种情况呢?原来是20世纪80年代，在美国和欧洲支持下，苏联“政治波普”以所谓荒诞、反讽的“流行艺术”红极一时，在毁灭苏联的过程中起到极大的艺术宣传作用。美国评论家克罗泽尔承认：“(戈尔巴乔夫时代)非官方艺术成为全面拆解苏联文化的一个要点。” 但是，当1991年苏联轰然崩溃后，西方很快停止捧炒苏联“当代艺术”，转而开始对中国“当代艺术”进行扶助和宣传。
这些苏联“当代艺术家”的境遇只是当时苏联“知识精英”境遇的一个缩影。20世纪80年代末，苏联一部分激进知识分子或是呼吁“撕开苏联的黑幕”、全面反思和否定苏联苏共的历史，或是鼓吹西方自由和民主，或是主张激进的政治、经济体制改革，在苏联急剧变革中起到了重要作用。但是，这些所谓的苏联“知识精英”并没有因为他们反对过的制度被推翻而获益。当看见强大的苏联一夜之间分崩离析，当面对生活一下陷入困顿的普通俄罗斯民众，当自身被抛到边缘时，不少当时的苏联“知识精英”陷入了极度痛苦之中。
一
一部分知识分子主张照搬西方的自由、民主，对苏联进行激烈的政治、经济改革，但是，他们实际上“对建设性的改革活动并没有多少准备，没有能力把抽象的自由民主价值观运用于改革实践”。
美国学者大卫·科兹通过对这一时期的苏联知识分子的分析得出结论，当时“苏联经济学家所主张的不过是19世纪最简单、最天真的自由主义思想而已”，“20世纪30年代大萧条之后，这种理论在西方理论经济学家当中实际上已没什么影响。”在1991年由俄英经济学家共同主持的一项调查研究中，当问及“市场是调节经济生活的最佳机制吗”时，95%的俄国经济学家表示同意，而表示同意的英国经济学家只有66%。100%的俄国经济学家都认为“私有制是市场的必要条件”，而25%的英国经济学家表示不同意。
正是在西方理论的影响下，从苏联到俄罗斯进行了激进的民主改革，采用了“500天计划”、“休克疗法”，造成了灾难性的后果。后来，俄罗斯学者反思道：“在改革中，知识分子中出现了一批极端的自由主义者，他们只是按教科书中的内容生活。由这些人来指导社会应该怎样做，不应该怎样做，社会将陷入混乱。……他们总是生活在虚无飘渺之中。他们自视为社会精英，总想由他们来决定俄国的命运。但是他们缺乏社会根底，常常在现实中碰得头破血流。”
拉克申是上世纪六十年代老自由派的代表人物之一，他拥护戈尔巴乔夫提出的“人道的、民主的社会主义”的纲领以及公开性和民主化的方针，希望能实现他理想中的民主和自由。苏联解体后，他觉得真正的民主和自由并没有到来，情况比自己预计的要严重得多，这使他的情绪更加低落。1993年3月他发表文章认为，有人“正在给包括我在内的许多人感到最为珍贵的东西——俄罗斯的历史、人民、知识分子、文化——做临终祈祷”，“不断听到掘墓的声音”，要把这些东西埋葬掉。最后他因思想苦闷，1993年7月郁郁而终。
雷巴科夫是著名的反斯大林的小说、被称为“文学炸弹”的《阿尔巴特街的儿女们》的作者。这部被禁了20多年的小说，1987年才在戈尔巴乔夫的支持下发表出来。但是后来形势的发展使他深感失望，他对搞垮苏联的行为表示“很难理解和不能饶恕”，不接受“野蛮的、营私舞弊的资本主义”。
二
一些知识分子对苏联的制度产生怀疑，感到生活不自由，成为“内心的反对派”，他们急于改变现状，寄希望于在新的制度下获得更多的自由、更好的生活。
但正如一位美国学者指出的：“最富讽刺意味的是，在1992年俄罗斯开始的向自由市场资本主义快速转变的过程中，最大的损失者要算知识分子，他们一夜之间掉入了自由市场的冰窟窿，因为他们原先的国家支撑体系转眼间已分崩离析。”剧变之后，绝大多数知识分子的生活水平大幅度下降，数十万人才流失海外。相比之下，人文知识分子的日子更加艰难，由于意识形态的变化和西方政治科学的涌入，原来这些知识分子所赖以为生的学术领域已完全失去了市场，在社会上成为无人问津的淘汰品。
作家康德拉季耶夫经常发表文章和谈话，批判过去的制度，支持“改革”。苏联解体后，康德拉季耶夫发现“改革”没有带来他希望的结果，他对休克疗法导致物价飞涨和人民群众生活水平降低特别不满，尤其不能容忍对参加过卫国战争的老战士和领养老金者的打击和剥夺，认为“一切都做得不合适，一切都不是那么回事。”思想上的苦闷，加上晚年物质生活失去了保障和身体有病，最后他在家里开枪自杀。
女诗人德鲁宁娜，“改革”年代积极参加政治活动。1991年“八·一九事件”发生时，她不顾年迈，前往白宫对叶利钦表示支持。她曾认为在白宫旁待的三天是“幸福的三天”。但是这种兴奋和激动的情绪迅速消失了，她很快觉得一切不是应有的样子，周围的生活难以忍受。她目睹国内出现的混乱状态，开始为俄罗斯的前途和命运而担忧。1991年11月21日，在“八·一九事件”后仅仅过了三个月，她就服安眠药自杀。她在绝命诗里写道，她担心没有人能在“悬岩边上拉住罗斯”使之不掉下深渊，她之所以“选择死亡”，是因为“不能、也不愿意看到俄罗斯翻车颠覆”。
Previous article:
5.2 (11 years ago)
Next article:
5.4 (11 years ago)
About the game:
USA as a world power? In E-Sim it is possible!
In E-Sim we have a huge, living world, which is a mirror copy of the Earth. Well, maybe not completely mirrored, because the balance of power in this virtual world looks a bit different than in real life. In E-Sim, USA does not have to be a world superpower, It can be efficiently managed as a much smaller country that has entrepreneurial citizens that support it's foundation. Everything depends on the players themselves and how they decide to shape the political map of the game.
Work for the good of your country and see it rise to an empire.
Activities in this game are divided into several modules. First is the economy as a citizen in a country of your choice you must work to earn money, which you will get to spend for example, on food or purchase of weapons which are critical for your progress as a fighter. You will work in either private companies which are owned by players or government companies which are owned by the state. After progressing in the game you will finally get the opportunity to set up your own business and hire other players. If it prospers, we can even change it into a joint-stock company and enter the stock market and get even more money in this way.
In E-Sim, international wars are nothing out of the ordinary.
Become an influential politician.
The second module is a politics. Just like in real life politics in E-Sim are an extremely powerful tool that can be used for your own purposes. From time to time there are elections in the game in which you will not only vote, but also have the ability to run for the head of the party you're in. You can also apply for congress, where once elected you will be given the right to vote on laws proposed by your fellow congress members or your president and propose laws yourself. Voting on laws is important for your country as it can shape the lives of those around you. You can also try to become the head of a given party, and even take part in presidential elections and decide on the shape of the foreign policy of a given state (for example, who to declare war on). Career in politics is obviously not easy and in order to succeed in it, you have to have a good plan and compete for the votes of voters.
You can go bankrupt or become a rich man while playing the stock market.
The international war.
The last and probably the most important module is military. In E-Sim, countries are constantly fighting each other for control over territories which in return grant them access to more valuable raw materials. For this purpose, they form alliances, they fight international wars, but they also have to deal with, for example, uprisings in conquered countries or civil wars, which may explode on their territory. You can also take part in these clashes, although you are also given the opportunity to lead a life as a pacifist who focuses on other activities in the game (for example, running a successful newspaper or selling products).
At the auction you can sell or buy your dream inventory.
E-Sim is a unique browser game. It's creators ensured realistic representation of the mechanisms present in the real world and gave all power to the players who shape the image of the virtual Earth according to their own. So come and join them and help your country achieve its full potential.
Invest, produce and sell - be an entrepreneur in E-Sim.
Take part in numerous events for the E-Sim community.
